linux-practice/COURSE_TASKS.json

{
  "meta": {
    "version": "4.1",
    "title": "Linux 系统学习课程（运维全场景版）",
    "author": "OpenClaw Dev",
    "updated": "2026-03-10",
    "description": "强调知识理解、场景迁移与运维全场景覆盖的 Linux 学习课程",
    "module_count": 10,
    "total_lessons": 30,
    "total_exercises": 90,
    "pedagogy": "learning-first",
    "orientation": "ops-full-scenarios",
    "source_style": "classic-linux-textbook-inspired"
  },
  "modules": [
    {
      "id": "module_1_foundation",
      "title": "模块 1：建立 Linux 基本认知",
      "summary": "先理解终端、目录、路径和最基础命令，建立 Linux 使用的空间感。",
      "lessons": [
        {
          "id": "m1_l1_pwd",
          "title": "认识当前目录：pwd",
          "goal": "理解当前工作目录的意义，知道自己在文件系统中的位置。",
          "why_it_matters": "很多 Linux 操作依赖路径。如果不知道自己当前在哪，后续命令容易出错。",
          "concepts": [
            "当前工作目录",
            "绝对路径与相对路径",
            "为什么要先定位再操作"
          ],
          "command": "pwd",
          "examples": [
            "pwd",
            "cd /tmp && pwd"
          ],
          "pitfalls": [
            "以为终端默认总在同一个目录",
            "不分清当前目录和目标目录"
          ],
          "scenarios": [
            "切目录后确认自己到了哪里",
            "写脚本前确认当前运行位置"
          ],
          "exercises": [
            {
              "id": "m1_l1_e1",
              "type": "understanding",
              "question": "查看当前工作目录应该使用什么命令？",
              "answer": "pwd"
            },
            {
              "id": "m1_l1_e2",
              "type": "operation",
              "title": "输出当前目录",
              "hint": "直接输入 pwd",
              "success_test": "cmd == 'pwd'",
              "solution": [
                "pwd"
              ],
              "success_msg": "你已经能确认自己所在的位置了。"
            },
            {
              "id": "m1_l1_e3",
              "type": "scenario",
              "question": "如果你不确定自己当前在哪个目录，第一反应应该做什么？",
              "answer": "先执行 pwd 确认当前目录"
            }
          ],
          "related_commands": [
            "pwd"
          ],
          "classic_view": "教材视角：Linux 入门首先不是背命令，而是建立“目录、路径、文件”这套基础空间感。",
          "takeaways": [
            "学完后应能做到：理解当前工作目录的意义，知道自己在文件系统中的位置。",
            "易错提醒：以为终端默认总在同一个目录",
            "迁移场景：切目录后确认自己到了哪里"
          ],
          "after_class": "课后建议：回到真实或模拟环境里，再用 pwd 做一次独立练习，并尝试自己解释每条输出的含义。"
        },
        {
          "id": "m1_l2_ls",
          "title": "看见目录内容：ls",
          "goal": "理解 ls 的作用，并掌握查看隐藏文件和详细信息的基本方式。",
          "why_it_matters": "Linux 下很多探索行为都从 ls 开始，它决定你如何观察目录结构。",
          "concepts": [
            "目录内容查看",
            "隐藏文件",
            "长列表信息"
          ],
          "command": "ls",
          "examples": [
            "ls",
            "ls -la",
            "ls -lh /etc"
          ],
          "pitfalls": [
            "误以为 ls 看不到的文件就不存在",
            "不会区分普通 ls 和 ls -l 的用途"
          ],
          "scenarios": [
            "排查目录里到底有哪些文件",
            "检查配置目录中是否有隐藏文件"
          ],
          "exercises": [
            {
              "id": "m1_l2_e1",
              "type": "understanding",
              "question": "为什么 ls -a 会比 ls 多看到一些文件？",
              "answer": "因为它会显示隐藏文件，包括以点开头的文件"
            },
            {
              "id": "m1_l2_e2",
              "type": "operation",
              "title": "列出当前目录内容",
              "hint": "输入 ls",
              "success_test": "cmd == 'ls'",
              "solution": [
                "ls"
              ],
              "success_msg": "你已经会观察目录内容了。"
            },
            {
              "id": "m1_l2_e3",
              "type": "operation",
              "title": "显示隐藏文件和详细信息",
              "hint": "使用 ls -la",
              "success_test": "cmd == 'ls -la' or cmd == 'ls -al'",
              "solution": [
                "ls -la",
                "ls -al"
              ],
              "success_msg": "你已经会用更完整的方式查看目录了。"
            }
          ],
          "related_commands": [
            "ls"
          ],
          "classic_view": "教材视角：Linux 入门首先不是背命令，而是建立“目录、路径、文件”这套基础空间感。",
          "takeaways": [
            "学完后应能做到：理解 ls 的作用，并掌握查看隐藏文件和详细信息的基本方式。",
            "易错提醒：误以为 ls 看不到的文件就不存在",
            "迁移场景：排查目录里到底有哪些文件"
          ],
          "after_class": "课后建议：回到真实或模拟环境里，再用 ls 做一次独立练习，并尝试自己解释每条输出的含义。"
        },
        {
          "id": "m1_l3_cd_cat_echo",
          "title": "移动、读文件、输出文本",
          "goal": "掌握 cd、cat、echo 这些最基础但最常用的命令。",
          "why_it_matters": "这三个命令几乎贯穿 Linux 入门阶段的所有练习。",
          "concepts": [
            "切换目录",
            "读取文件",
            "输出文本与变量"
          ],
          "command": "cd / cat / echo",
          "examples": [
            "cd /tmp",
            "cat /etc/hosts",
            "echo Hello Linux"
          ],
          "pitfalls": [
            "把 cd 和 ls 混用",
            "用 cat 去看过大的文件",
            "不知道 echo 也常用于脚本调试"
          ],
          "scenarios": [
            "进入指定目录继续操作",
            "快速读取配置文件",
            "验证变量和命令输出"
          ],
          "exercises": [
            {
              "id": "m1_l3_e1",
              "type": "operation",
              "title": "进入 /tmp 目录",
              "hint": "cd /tmp",
              "success_test": "cmd == 'cd /tmp' and cwd == '/tmp'",
              "solution": [
                "cd /tmp"
              ],
              "success_msg": "你已经能切换到目标目录了。"
            },
            {
              "id": "m1_l3_e2",
              "type": "operation",
              "title": "读取 hosts 文件",
              "hint": "cat /etc/hosts",
              "success_test": "cmd == 'cat /etc/hosts' and 'localhost' in output",
              "solution": [
                "cat /etc/hosts"
              ],
              "success_msg": "你已经会读取基础文本文件了。"
            },
            {
              "id": "m1_l3_e3",
              "type": "operation",
              "title": "输出 Hello Linux",
              "hint": "echo Hello Linux",
              "success_test": "cmd == 'echo Hello Linux' and 'Hello Linux' in output",
              "solution": [
                "echo Hello Linux"
              ],
              "success_msg": "你已经掌握了最基础的文本输出命令。"
            }
          ],
          "related_commands": [
            "cd",
            "cat",
            "echo"
          ],
          "classic_view": "教材视角：Linux 入门首先不是背命令，而是建立“目录、路径、文件”这套基础空间感。",
          "takeaways": [
            "学完后应能做到：掌握 cd、cat、echo 这些最基础但最常用的命令。",
            "易错提醒：把 cd 和 ls 混用",
            "迁移场景：进入指定目录继续操作"
          ],
          "after_class": "课后建议：回到真实或模拟环境里，再用 cd、cat、echo 做一次独立练习，并尝试自己解释每条输出的含义。"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "module_2_filesystem",
      "title": "模块 2：文件与目录操作",
      "summary": "围绕创建、复制、移动、删除和查看文件属性建立文件系统操作能力。",
      "lessons": [
        {
          "id": "m2_l1_create",
          "title": "创建文件与目录：mkdir / touch",
          "goal": "理解目录和文件的创建逻辑，学会递归创建多级目录。",
          "why_it_matters": "很多项目初始化、环境准备都从创建目录结构开始。",
          "concepts": [
            "目录创建",
            "多级目录",
            "空文件创建"
          ],
          "command": "mkdir / touch",
          "examples": [
            "mkdir demo",
            "mkdir -p /tmp/a/b/c",
            "touch notes.txt"
          ],
          "pitfalls": [
            "忘记使用 -p 创建多级目录",
            "目标父目录不存在时 touch 失败"
          ],
          "scenarios": [
            "初始化项目目录结构",
            "创建占位文件和日志文件"
          ],
          "exercises": [
            {
              "id": "m2_l1_e1",
              "type": "operation",
              "title": "递归创建目录",
              "hint": "mkdir -p /tmp/a/b/c",
              "success_test": "cmd == 'mkdir -p /tmp/a/b/c' and exists('/tmp/a/b/c')",
              "solution": [
                "mkdir -p /tmp/a/b/c"
              ],
              "success_msg": "多级目录创建成功。"
            },
            {
              "id": "m2_l1_e2",
              "type": "operation",
              "title": "创建空文件",
              "hint": "touch /tmp/a/b/c/readme.txt",
              "success_test": "cmd == 'touch /tmp/a/b/c/readme.txt' and exists('/tmp/a/b/c/readme.txt')",
              "solution": [
                "touch /tmp/a/b/c/readme.txt"
              ],
              "success_msg": "空文件创建成功。"
            },
            {
              "id": "m2_l1_e3",
              "type": "scenario",
              "question": "为什么 mkdir -p 适合项目初始化？",
              "answer": "因为它可以一次创建多级目录，即使上层目录不存在也能自动补齐"
            }
          ],
          "related_commands": [
            "mkdir",
            "touch"
          ],
          "classic_view": "教材视角：文件系统操作是 Linux 使用的基本手艺，关键不只是会敲命令，而是知道每一步在改变什么。",
          "takeaways": [
            "学完后应能做到：理解目录和文件的创建逻辑，学会递归创建多级目录。",
            "易错提醒：忘记使用 -p 创建多级目录",
            "迁移场景：初始化项目目录结构"
          ],
          "after_class": "课后建议：回到真实或模拟环境里，再用 mkdir、touch 做一次独立练习，并尝试自己解释每条输出的含义。"
        },
        {
          "id": "m2_l2_move_copy_delete",
          "title": "复制、移动与删除：cp / mv / rm",
          "goal": "理解文件操作中的备份、迁移、重命名和清理。",
          "why_it_matters": "日常 Linux 使用里最常见的就是处理文件的生命周期。",
          "concepts": [
            "复制与备份",
            "移动与重命名",
            "删除风险"
          ],
          "command": "cp / mv / rm",
          "examples": [
            "cp /etc/hosts /tmp/hosts.bak",
            "mv old.txt new.txt",
            "rm -r /tmp/testdir"
          ],
          "pitfalls": [
            "把删除当成移动",
            "对目录使用 cp 却忘记 -r",
            "rm -rf 风险极高"
          ],
          "scenarios": [
            "做配置备份",
            "整理日志文件",
            "清理无用目录"
          ],
          "exercises": [
            {
              "id": "m2_l2_e1",
              "type": "operation",
              "title": "复制 hosts 文件",
              "hint": "cp /etc/hosts /tmp/hosts.bak",
              "success_test": "cmd == 'cp /etc/hosts /tmp/hosts.bak' and exists('/tmp/hosts.bak')",
              "solution": [
                "cp /etc/hosts /tmp/hosts.bak"
              ],
              "success_msg": "文件备份成功。"
            },
            {
              "id": "m2_l2_e2",
              "type": "operation",
              "title": "重命名备份文件",
              "hint": "mv /tmp/hosts.bak /tmp/hosts.backup",
              "success_test": "cmd == 'mv /tmp/hosts.bak /tmp/hosts.backup' and exists('/tmp/hosts.backup')",
              "solution": [
                "mv /tmp/hosts.bak /tmp/hosts.backup"
              ],
              "success_msg": "文件重命名成功。"
            },
            {
              "id": "m2_l2_e3",
              "type": "understanding",
              "question": "为什么 rm -rf 是高风险命令？",
              "answer": "因为它会递归并强制删除文件和目录，执行错误会造成不可恢复的数据丢失"
            }
          ],
          "related_commands": [
            "cp",
            "mv",
            "rm"
          ],
          "classic_view": "教材视角：文件系统操作是 Linux 使用的基本手艺，关键不只是会敲命令，而是知道每一步在改变什么。",
          "takeaways": [
            "学完后应能做到：理解文件操作中的备份、迁移、重命名和清理。",
            "易错提醒：把删除当成移动",
            "迁移场景：做配置备份"
          ],
          "after_class": "课后建议：回到真实或模拟环境里，再用 cp、mv、rm 做一次独立练习，并尝试自己解释每条输出的含义。"
        },
        {
          "id": "m2_l3_stat_permissions",
          "title": "认识文件属性：stat 与权限基础",
          "goal": "开始理解文件属性和权限表达。",
          "why_it_matters": "文件权限是 Linux 系统安全和协作的重要基础。",
          "concepts": [
            "文件元信息",
            "权限三元组",
            "目录与文件权限差异"
          ],
          "command": "stat / chmod",
          "examples": [
            "stat /etc/hosts",
            "chmod 755 script.sh",
            "chmod +x run.sh"
          ],
          "pitfalls": [
            "不了解 755 / 644 的含义",
            "给不该执行的文件随意加执行权限"
          ],
          "scenarios": [
            "检查脚本是否可执行",
            "排查权限导致的运行失败"
          ],
          "exercises": [
            {
              "id": "m2_l3_e1",
              "type": "operation",
              "title": "查看 hosts 属性",
              "hint": "stat /etc/hosts",
              "success_test": "cmd == 'stat /etc/hosts' and 'File:' in output",
              "solution": [
                "stat /etc/hosts"
              ],
              "success_msg": "你已经会查看文件属性了。"
            },
            {
              "id": "m2_l3_e2",
              "type": "understanding",
              "question": "755 和 644 最核心的区别是什么？",
              "answer": "755 允许拥有者读写执行，其他人读执行；644 没有执行权限"
            },
            {
              "id": "m2_l3_e3",
              "type": "operation",
              "title": "给文件添加执行权限",
              "hint": "chmod +x /tmp/a/b/c/readme.txt",
              "success_test": "cmd == 'chmod +x /tmp/a/b/c/readme.txt'",
              "solution": [
                "chmod +x /tmp/a/b/c/readme.txt"
              ],
              "success_msg": "你已经完成了权限修改练习。"
            }
          ],
          "related_commands": [
            "stat",
            "chmod"
          ],
          "classic_view": "教材视角：文件系统操作是 Linux 使用的基本手艺，关键不只是会敲命令，而是知道每一步在改变什么。",
          "takeaways": [
            "学完后应能做到：开始理解文件属性和权限表达。",
            "易错提醒：不了解 755 / 644 的含义",
            "迁移场景：检查脚本是否可执行"
          ],
          "after_class": "课后建议：回到真实或模拟环境里，再用 stat、chmod 做一次独立练习，并尝试自己解释每条输出的含义。"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "module_3_searching",
      "title": "模块 3：阅读与筛选信息",
      "summary": "把 Linux 当成信息检索工具来学，围绕日志、配置和统计建立阅读能力。",
      "lessons": [
        {
          "id": "m3_l1_read_logs",
          "title": "看文件头尾：head / tail",
          "goal": "学会快速读取大文件的局部内容。",
          "why_it_matters": "日志通常很大，不可能总是整份去看。",
          "concepts": [
            "查看前几行",
            "查看后几行",
            "实时追踪"
          ],
          "command": "head / tail",
          "examples": [
            "head -n 5 /var/log/syslog",
            "tail -n 20 /var/log/syslog",
            "tail -f /var/log/syslog"
          ],
          "pitfalls": [
            "大文件直接 cat 影响阅读效率",
            "不会区分查看历史和跟踪新增日志"
          ],
          "scenarios": [
            "看配置文件开头",
            "盯日志尾部排查实时错误"
          ],
          "exercises": [
            {
              "id": "m3_l1_e1",
              "type": "operation",
              "title": "查看 syslog 前 5 行",
              "hint": "head -n 5 /var/log/syslog",
              "success_test": "(cmd == 'head -n 5 /var/log/syslog' or cmd == 'head -5 /var/log/syslog') and len(output.split('\\n')) >= 5",
              "solution": [
                "head -n 5 /var/log/syslog",
                "head -5 /var/log/syslog"
              ],
              "success_msg": "你已经会局部查看大文件开头了。"
            },
            {
              "id": "m3_l1_e2",
              "type": "operation",
              "title": "查看 syslog 最后 3 行",
              "hint": "tail -n 3 /var/log/syslog",
              "success_test": "(cmd == 'tail -n 3 /var/log/syslog' or cmd == 'tail -3 /var/log/syslog') and len(output.split('\\n')) >= 3",
              "solution": [
                "tail -n 3 /var/log/syslog",
                "tail -3 /var/log/syslog"
              ],
              "success_msg": "你已经会快速查看日志尾部了。"
            },
            {
              "id": "m3_l1_e3",
              "type": "scenario",
              "question": "为什么排查线上报错时更常先用 tail 而不是 cat？",
              "answer": "因为日志通常很大，tail 可以更快聚焦最近发生的问题"
            }
          ],
          "related_commands": [
            "head",
            "tail"
          ],
          "classic_view": "教材视角：日志与文本处理是运维的核心阅读能力，grep / find / tail 不是零散命令，而是一套信息筛选工具链。",
          "takeaways": [
            "学完后应能做到：学会快速读取大文件的局部内容。",
            "易错提醒：大文件直接 cat 影响阅读效率",
            "迁移场景：看配置文件开头"
          ],
          "after_class": "课后建议：回到真实或模拟环境里，再用 head、tail 做一次独立练习，并尝试自己解释每条输出的含义。"
        },
        {
          "id": "m3_l2_grep",
          "title": "关键词搜索：grep",
          "goal": "理解 grep 作为日志排障和文本定位核心工具的价值。",
          "why_it_matters": "没有 grep，查日志和配置会慢很多。",
          "concepts": [
            "大小写忽略",
            "显示行号",
            "反向匹配",
            "递归搜索"
          ],
          "command": "grep",
          "examples": [
            "grep error /var/log/syslog",
            "grep -in root /etc/passwd",
            "grep -v nologin /etc/passwd"
          ],
          "pitfalls": [
            "不会结合 -n 定位行号",
            "不知道 -i 和 -v 的常见用途"
          ],
          "scenarios": [
            "查错误日志",
            "找配置项",
            "过滤无效行"
          ],
          "exercises": [
            {
              "id": "m3_l2_e1",
              "type": "operation",
              "title": "查找 syslog 中的 error",
              "hint": "grep error /var/log/syslog",
              "success_test": "cmd == 'grep error /var/log/syslog' and 'error' in output.lower()",
              "solution": [
                "grep error /var/log/syslog"
              ],
              "success_msg": "你已经会在日志里搜关键词了。"
            },
            {
              "id": "m3_l2_e2",
              "type": "operation",
              "title": "忽略大小写搜索 root",
              "hint": "grep -i root /etc/passwd",
              "success_test": "cmd == 'grep -i root /etc/passwd'",
              "solution": [
                "grep -i root /etc/passwd"
              ],
              "success_msg": "你已经知道如何处理大小写差异了。"
            },
            {
              "id": "m3_l2_e3",
              "type": "understanding",
              "question": "grep -n 的意义是什么？",
              "answer": "显示匹配结果所在的行号，方便快速定位原文位置"
            }
          ],
          "related_commands": [
            "grep"
          ],
          "classic_view": "教材视角：日志与文本处理是运维的核心阅读能力，grep / find / tail 不是零散命令，而是一套信息筛选工具链。",
          "takeaways": [
            "学完后应能做到：理解 grep 作为日志排障和文本定位核心工具的价值。",
            "易错提醒：不会结合 -n 定位行号",
            "迁移场景：查错误日志"
          ],
          "after_class": "课后建议：回到真实或模拟环境里，再用 grep 做一次独立练习，并尝试自己解释每条输出的含义。"
        },
        {
          "id": "m3_l3_find_wc_sort",
          "title": "查找与统计：find / wc / sort",
          "goal": "建立查找文件和做基础统计的能力。",
          "why_it_matters": "Linux 的很多效率来自组合式查找与统计。",
          "concepts": [
            "按名称查找",
            "行数字数统计",
            "排序输出"
          ],
          "command": "find / wc / sort",
          "examples": [
            "find /etc -name '*.conf'",
            "wc -l /var/log/syslog",
            "ls | sort"
          ],
          "pitfalls": [
            "把 find 和 grep 混淆",
            "不会根据任务选文件查找还是内容查找"
          ],
          "scenarios": [
            "找配置文件",
            "统计日志行数",
            "整理输出结果"
          ],
          "exercises": [
            {
              "id": "m3_l3_e1",
              "type": "operation",
              "title": "查找 /etc 下所有 .conf 文件",
              "hint": "find /etc -name '*.conf'",
              "success_test": "cmd == \"find /etc -name '*.conf'\" and '.conf' in output",
              "solution": [
                "find /etc -name '*.conf'"
              ],
              "success_msg": "你已经会用 find 定位文件了。"
            },
            {
              "id": "m3_l3_e2",
              "type": "operation",
              "title": "统计 syslog 行数",
              "hint": "wc -l /var/log/syslog",
              "success_test": "cmd == 'wc -l /var/log/syslog' and output.strip().isdigit()",
              "solution": [
                "wc -l /var/log/syslog"
              ],
              "success_msg": "你已经会做基础统计了。"
            },
            {
              "id": "m3_l3_e3",
              "type": "understanding",
              "question": "找文件位置应该优先想到 find 还是 grep？为什么？",
              "answer": "优先用 find，因为这是文件定位问题，不是文件内容搜索问题"
            }
          ],
          "related_commands": [
            "find",
            "wc",
            "sort"
          ],
          "classic_view": "教材视角：日志与文本处理是运维的核心阅读能力，grep / find / tail 不是零散命令，而是一套信息筛选工具链。",
          "takeaways": [
            "学完后应能做到：建立查找文件和做基础统计的能力。",
            "易错提醒：把 find 和 grep 混淆",
            "迁移场景：找配置文件"
          ],
          "after_class": "课后建议：回到真实或模拟环境里，再用 find、wc、sort 做一次独立练习，并尝试自己解释每条输出的含义。"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "module_4_system_state",
      "title": "模块 4：系统状态与资源认知",
      "summary": "学习如何看进程、负载、磁盘、内存和挂载信息，建立系统状态判断能力。",
      "lessons": [
        {
          "id": "m4_l1_process",
          "title": "看进程：ps / top",
          "goal": "理解 Linux 中的进程概念，知道如何查看系统正在运行什么。",
          "why_it_matters": "绝大多数服务故障、卡顿和异常都要先看进程。",
          "concepts": [
            "进程与服务",
            "前台与后台",
            "ps 和 top 的区别"
          ],
          "command": "ps / top",
          "examples": [
            "ps aux",
            "ps -ef",
            "top"
          ],
          "pitfalls": [
            "只会看进程名，不会看状态",
            "把存在进程等同于服务可用"
          ],
          "scenarios": [
            "确认服务进程是否存在",
            "定位高 CPU 进程"
          ],
          "exercises": [
            {
              "id": "m4_l1_e1",
              "type": "operation",
              "title": "查看所有进程",
              "hint": "ps aux",
              "success_test": "cmd == 'ps aux' and 'PID' in output",
              "solution": [
                "ps aux"
              ],
              "success_msg": "你已经会查看系统进程了。"
            },
            {
              "id": "m4_l1_e2",
              "type": "understanding",
              "question": "为什么看到进程存在，不代表服务一定可用？",
              "answer": "因为进程存在只说明程序在运行，不代表端口监听、配置、依赖或接口一定正常"
            },
            {
              "id": "m4_l1_e3",
              "type": "scenario",
              "question": "排查“服务似乎没启动”时，第一步通常可以用什么命令？",
              "answer": "先用 ps aux 或 ps -ef 查看相关进程是否存在"
            }
          ],
          "related_commands": [
            "ps",
            "top"
          ],
          "classic_view": "教材视角：系统状态认知是运维的基本盘，先学会“看懂机器”，再谈优化和修复。",
          "takeaways": [
            "学完后应能做到：理解 Linux 中的进程概念，知道如何查看系统正在运行什么。",
            "易错提醒：只会看进程名，不会看状态",
            "迁移场景：确认服务进程是否存在"
          ],
          "after_class": "课后建议：回到真实或模拟环境里，再用 ps、top 做一次独立练习，并尝试自己解释每条输出的含义。"
        },
        {
          "id": "m4_l2_disk_memory",
          "title": "看磁盘与内存：df / du / free",
          "goal": "掌握查看磁盘使用、目录占用和内存情况的基础方法。",
          "why_it_matters": "磁盘爆满、内存紧张是最常见的线上问题之一。",
          "concepts": [
            "磁盘空间 vs 目录占用",
            "物理内存与可用内存",
            "df 和 du 的区别"
          ],
          "command": "df / du / free",
          "examples": [
            "df -h",
            "du -sh /var/log",
            "free -h"
          ],
          "pitfalls": [
            "只会看总磁盘，不会看哪个目录占用大",
            "误把 free 的 used 当成唯一关键指标"
          ],
          "scenarios": [
            "排查磁盘已满",
            "定位大目录",
            "查看内存是否紧张"
          ],
          "exercises": [
            {
              "id": "m4_l2_e1",
              "type": "operation",
              "title": "查看磁盘空间",
              "hint": "df -h",
              "success_test": "cmd == 'df -h' and 'Filesystem' in output",
              "solution": [
                "df -h"
              ],
              "success_msg": "你已经会看磁盘使用情况了。"
            },
            {
              "id": "m4_l2_e2",
              "type": "operation",
              "title": "查看 /sandbox 目录大小",
              "hint": "du -sh /sandbox",
              "success_test": "cmd == 'du -sh /sandbox' and '/sandbox' in output",
              "solution": [
                "du -sh /sandbox"
              ],
              "success_msg": "你已经会看目录占用了。"
            },
            {
              "id": "m4_l2_e3",
              "type": "understanding",
              "question": "df 和 du 的核心区别是什么？",
              "answer": "df 看文件系统层面的磁盘使用，du 看目录或文件占用大小"
            }
          ],
          "related_commands": [
            "df",
            "du",
            "free"
          ],
          "classic_view": "教材视角：系统状态认知是运维的基本盘，先学会“看懂机器”，再谈优化和修复。",
          "takeaways": [
            "学完后应能做到：掌握查看磁盘使用、目录占用和内存情况的基础方法。",
            "易错提醒：只会看总磁盘，不会看哪个目录占用大",
            "迁移场景：排查磁盘已满"
          ],
          "after_class": "课后建议：回到真实或模拟环境里，再用 df、du、free 做一次独立练习，并尝试自己解释每条输出的含义。"
        },
        {
          "id": "m4_l3_mount_history",
          "title": "运行时间、挂载点与历史命令",
          "goal": "建立系统运行时间、挂载结构与命令习惯认知。",
          "why_it_matters": "理解机器运行了多久、磁盘挂载在哪里、最近执行过什么命令，是运维日常的基础信息。",
          "concepts": [
            "uptime 的含义",
            "挂载点",
            "history 复盘"
          ],
          "command": "uptime / mount / history",
          "examples": [
            "uptime",
            "mount",
            "history -n 5"
          ],
          "pitfalls": [
            "不看历史重复犯错",
            "忽略挂载点导致排查路径错位"
          ],
          "scenarios": [
            "查看机器是否重启过",
            "判断目录属于哪个挂载点",
            "复盘最近操作"
          ],
          "exercises": [
            {
              "id": "m4_l3_e1",
              "type": "operation",
              "title": "查看系统运行时间",
              "hint": "uptime",
              "success_test": "cmd == 'uptime' and 'load average' in output",
              "solution": [
                "uptime"
              ],
              "success_msg": "你已经会看系统运行时间和负载了。"
            },
            {
              "id": "m4_l3_e2",
              "type": "operation",
              "title": "查看最近命令历史",
              "hint": "history -n 5",
              "success_test": "cmd == 'history -n 5' and output != ''",
              "solution": [
                "history -n 5"
              ],
              "success_msg": "你已经会利用历史命令回顾操作了。"
            },
            {
              "id": "m4_l3_e3",
              "type": "scenario",
              "question": "为什么排查问题时查看 history 很有价值？",
              "answer": "因为它可以帮助回溯最近做过什么操作，快速定位变更和可能的触发点"
            }
          ],
          "related_commands": [
            "uptime",
            "mount",
            "history"
          ],
          "classic_view": "教材视角：系统状态认知是运维的基本盘，先学会“看懂机器”，再谈优化和修复。",
          "takeaways": [
            "学完后应能做到：建立系统运行时间、挂载结构与命令习惯认知。",
            "易错提醒：不看历史重复犯错",
            "迁移场景：查看机器是否重启过"
          ],
          "after_class": "课后建议：回到真实或模拟环境里，再用 uptime、mount、history 做一次独立练习，并尝试自己解释每条输出的含义。"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "module_5_service_logs",
      "title": "模块 5：服务与日志排障",
      "summary": "围绕服务启动、运行状态、日志报错和后台执行建立排障链路。",
      "lessons": [
        {
          "id": "m5_l1_systemctl",
          "title": "服务管理：systemctl 基础",
          "goal": "理解 Linux 服务的查看、启动、停止和重启。",
          "why_it_matters": "现代 Linux 发行版大量使用 systemd 管理服务。",
          "concepts": [
            "服务状态",
            "启动与重启",
            "systemd 基础"
          ],
          "command": "systemctl",
          "examples": [
            "systemctl status nginx",
            "systemctl restart nginx",
            "systemctl enable nginx"
          ],
          "pitfalls": [
            "改完配置却忘记重启服务",
            "只看页面，不看服务状态"
          ],
          "scenarios": [
            "排查服务没起来",
            "改配置后让服务生效"
          ],
          "exercises": [
            {
              "id": "m5_l1_e1",
              "type": "understanding",
              "question": "为什么改完服务配置后常常要 restart 或 reload？",
              "answer": "因为配置文件变化不会自动生效，需要让服务重新加载配置"
            },
            {
              "id": "m5_l1_e2",
              "type": "scenario",
              "question": "排查“网站打不开”时，为什么应该先看 systemctl status？",
              "answer": "因为要先确认服务是否真的在运行，以及是否有明显启动失败信息"
            },
            {
              "id": "m5_l1_e3",
              "type": "understanding",
              "question": "enable 和 start 的区别是什么？",
              "answer": "start 是当前立即启动，enable 是设置开机自动启动"
            }
          ],
          "related_commands": [
            "systemctl"
          ],
          "classic_view": "教材视角：服务排障要形成链路思维——状态、进程、端口、日志、请求，要分层观察。",
          "takeaways": [
            "学完后应能做到：理解 Linux 服务的查看、启动、停止和重启。",
            "易错提醒：改完配置却忘记重启服务",
            "迁移场景：排查服务没起来"
          ],
          "after_class": "课后建议：回到真实或模拟环境里，再用 systemctl 做一次独立练习，并尝试自己解释每条输出的含义。"
        },
        {
          "id": "m5_l2_journalctl",
          "title": "看系统日志：journalctl",
          "goal": "理解如何查看服务日志和系统日志。",
          "why_it_matters": "很多 systemd 管理的服务排障入口就是 journalctl。",
          "concepts": [
            "单服务日志",
            "最近日志",
            "实时跟踪日志"
          ],
          "command": "journalctl",
          "examples": [
            "journalctl -u nginx -n 50",
            "journalctl -xe",
            "journalctl -u app -f"
          ],
          "pitfalls": [
            "只看应用日志，不看 systemd 日志",
            "看太多日志却抓不到最近错误"
          ],
          "scenarios": [
            "查看服务启动失败原因",
            "查看最近报错"
          ],
          "exercises": [
            {
              "id": "m5_l2_e1",
              "type": "understanding",
              "question": "为什么 journalctl 对 systemd 服务排障特别重要？",
              "answer": "因为它能直接查看服务生命周期和 systemd 记录的日志"
            },
            {
              "id": "m5_l2_e2",
              "type": "scenario",
              "question": "服务启动失败后，下一步除了看 status 还应该看什么？",
              "answer": "看 journalctl -u 服务名 的日志，确认具体报错"
            },
            {
              "id": "m5_l2_e3",
              "type": "understanding",
              "question": "为什么实时排查时常用 -f？",
              "answer": "因为 -f 可以持续跟踪新增日志，适合边操作边观察"
            }
          ],
          "related_commands": [
            "journalctl"
          ],
          "classic_view": "教材视角：服务排障要形成链路思维——状态、进程、端口、日志、请求，要分层观察。",
          "takeaways": [
            "学完后应能做到：理解如何查看服务日志和系统日志。",
            "易错提醒：只看应用日志，不看 systemd 日志",
            "迁移场景：查看服务启动失败原因"
          ],
          "after_class": "课后建议：回到真实或模拟环境里，再用 journalctl 做一次独立练习，并尝试自己解释每条输出的含义。"
        },
        {
          "id": "m5_l3_process_control",
          "title": "进程控制：kill / pkill / nohup",
          "goal": "理解如何控制进程和让任务脱离终端运行。",
          "why_it_matters": "部署、排障和临时任务常会遇到进程管理问题。",
          "concepts": [
            "发送信号",
            "按名称结束进程",
            "后台运行"
          ],
          "command": "kill / pkill / nohup",
          "examples": [
            "kill 1234",
            "pkill nginx",
            "nohup python3 app.py &"
          ],
          "pitfalls": [
            "直接粗暴 kill 掉关键进程",
            "不知道后台任务输出去哪了"
          ],
          "scenarios": [
            "结束卡死进程",
            "让脚本后台运行"
          ],
          "exercises": [
            {
              "id": "m5_l3_e1",
              "type": "understanding",
              "question": "为什么 kill 进程前要先确认 PID 和进程身份？",
              "answer": "因为误杀错误进程可能导致服务中断或数据问题"
            },
            {
              "id": "m5_l3_e2",
              "type": "understanding",
              "question": "nohup 的作用是什么？",
              "answer": "让命令在退出终端后继续运行，适合后台任务"
            },
            {
              "id": "m5_l3_e3",
              "type": "scenario",
              "question": "如果你想让一个脚本关掉 SSH 后仍然继续跑，应该想到什么？",
              "answer": "使用 nohup 或其他后台运行方式"
            }
          ],
          "related_commands": [
            "kill",
            "pkill",
            "nohup"
          ],
          "classic_view": "教材视角：服务排障要形成链路思维——状态、进程、端口、日志、请求，要分层观察。",
          "takeaways": [
            "学完后应能做到：理解如何控制进程和让任务脱离终端运行。",
            "易错提醒：直接粗暴 kill 掉关键进程",
            "迁移场景：结束卡死进程"
          ],
          "after_class": "课后建议：回到真实或模拟环境里，再用 kill、pkill、nohup 做一次独立练习，并尝试自己解释每条输出的含义。"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "module_6_network",
      "title": "模块 6：网络与连接排查",
      "summary": "建立 IP、端口、监听、连通性和请求验证等运维网络基础。",
      "lessons": [
        {
          "id": "m6_l1_ip_ping",
          "title": "网络基础：ip addr / ifconfig / ping",
          "goal": "理解网卡、IP 和连通性的基本概念。",
          "why_it_matters": "服务是否可达，首先是网络问题还是应用问题，需要先分清。",
          "concepts": [
            "网卡",
            "IP 地址",
            "连通性测试"
          ],
          "command": "ip addr / ifconfig / ping",
          "examples": [
            "ip addr",
            "ifconfig",
            "ping 127.0.0.1"
          ],
          "pitfalls": [
            "能 ping 通就以为服务一定可用",
            "只会看 IP，不理解监听端口"
          ],
          "scenarios": [
            "确认机器是否有正确 IP",
            "测试目标是否能连通"
          ],
          "exercises": [
            {
              "id": "m6_l1_e1",
              "type": "operation",
              "title": "查看网卡地址",
              "hint": "ip addr",
              "success_test": "cmd == 'ip addr' and 'inet' in output",
              "solution": [
                "ip addr"
              ],
              "success_msg": "你已经会看基本网卡信息了。"
            },
            {
              "id": "m6_l1_e2",
              "type": "operation",
              "title": "测试本机回环连通性",
              "hint": "ping 127.0.0.1",
              "success_test": "cmd == 'ping 127.0.0.1' and 'packet loss' in output",
              "solution": [
                "ping 127.0.0.1"
              ],
              "success_msg": "你已经做了一次基础连通性验证。"
            },
            {
              "id": "m6_l1_e3",
              "type": "understanding",
              "question": "为什么 ping 通不等于服务一定可用？",
              "answer": "因为 ping 只说明网络层连通，不代表应用端口和接口层面正常"
            }
          ],
          "related_commands": [
            "ip addr",
            "ifconfig",
            "ping"
          ],
          "classic_view": "教材视角：网络问题最怕混层，学习要区分链路、端口、协议、请求，不要一股脑都归为“网络不通”。",
          "takeaways": [
            "学完后应能做到：理解网卡、IP 和连通性的基本概念。",
            "易错提醒：能 ping 通就以为服务一定可用",
            "迁移场景：确认机器是否有正确 IP"
          ],
          "after_class": "课后建议：回到真实或模拟环境里，再用 ip addr、ifconfig、ping 做一次独立练习，并尝试自己解释每条输出的含义。"
        },
        {
          "id": "m6_l2_ss_curl",
          "title": "端口与请求：ss / netstat / curl / wget",
          "goal": "建立监听端口和服务请求验证的能力。",
          "why_it_matters": "运维排障很多时候要回答两个问题：端口开没开？接口通不通？",
          "concepts": [
            "端口监听",
            "TCP 层可达性",
            "HTTP 请求验证"
          ],
          "command": "ss / netstat / curl / wget",
          "examples": [
            "ss -ltnp",
            "netstat -tunlp",
            "curl http://127.0.0.1:8080/health"
          ],
          "pitfalls": [
            "只看页面打不开，不查监听",
            "只看监听，不测实际请求"
          ],
          "scenarios": [
            "查服务是否监听端口",
            "测试接口是否返回 200"
          ],
          "exercises": [
            {
              "id": "m6_l2_e1",
              "type": "operation",
              "title": "查看监听端口",
              "hint": "ss -ltnp",
              "success_test": "cmd == 'ss -ltnp' and 'LISTEN' in output",
              "solution": [
                "ss -ltnp"
              ],
              "success_msg": "你已经会看监听端口了。"
            },
            {
              "id": "m6_l2_e2",
              "type": "operation",
              "title": "请求本地页面",
              "hint": "curl http://127.0.0.1",
              "success_test": "cmd == 'curl http://127.0.0.1' and '<html>' in output",
              "solution": [
                "curl http://127.0.0.1"
              ],
              "success_msg": "你已经会做基本 HTTP 探测了。"
            },
            {
              "id": "m6_l2_e3",
              "type": "scenario",
              "question": "排查“服务起了但访问失败”时，为什么要同时看 ss 和 curl？",
              "answer": "因为 ss 看端口监听，curl 看应用层响应，两者结合才能判断问题在哪一层"
            }
          ],
          "related_commands": [
            "ss",
            "netstat",
            "curl",
            "wget"
          ],
          "classic_view": "教材视角：网络问题最怕混层，学习要区分链路、端口、协议、请求，不要一股脑都归为“网络不通”。",
          "takeaways": [
            "学完后应能做到：建立监听端口和服务请求验证的能力。",
            "易错提醒：只看页面打不开，不查监听",
            "迁移场景：查服务是否监听端口"
          ],
          "after_class": "课后建议：回到真实或模拟环境里，再用 ss、netstat、curl、wget 做一次独立练习，并尝试自己解释每条输出的含义。"
        },
        {
          "id": "m6_l3_name_route",
          "title": "路由与名称解析：traceroute / dig / whereis 命令定位",
          "goal": "建立链路定位和名称解析基础认知。",
          "why_it_matters": "有些故障不是服务本身坏了，而是路径或解析出了问题。",
          "concepts": [
            "路由路径",
            "DNS 解析",
            "命令位置定位"
          ],
          "command": "traceroute / dig / which / whereis",
          "examples": [
            "traceroute 8.8.8.8",
            "dig example.com",
            "which curl"
          ],
          "pitfalls": [
            "把 DNS 问题误判成应用问题",
            "不知道命令来自哪里"
          ],
          "scenarios": [
            "排查域名异常",
            "确认命令路径和来源"
          ],
          "exercises": [
            {
              "id": "m6_l3_e1",
              "type": "operation",
              "title": "定位 curl 命令路径",
              "hint": "which curl",
              "success_test": "cmd == 'which curl' and '/usr/bin/curl' in output",
              "solution": [
                "which curl"
              ],
              "success_msg": "你已经会定位命令路径了。"
            },
            {
              "id": "m6_l3_e2",
              "type": "understanding",
              "question": "为什么 DNS 出问题时，服务本身可能没坏但用户仍然访问失败？",
              "answer": "因为域名解析不到正确 IP，流量根本到不了目标服务"
            },
            {
              "id": "m6_l3_e3",
              "type": "scenario",
              "question": "排查“域名不通”时除了 curl，还应该想到什么？",
              "answer": "还应该检查 dig/nslookup 和网络路径，确认是不是解析或链路问题"
            }
          ],
          "related_commands": [
            "traceroute",
            "dig",
            "which",
            "whereis"
          ],
          "classic_view": "教材视角：网络问题最怕混层，学习要区分链路、端口、协议、请求，不要一股脑都归为“网络不通”。",
          "takeaways": [
            "学完后应能做到：建立链路定位和名称解析基础认知。",
            "易错提醒：把 DNS 问题误判成应用问题",
            "迁移场景：排查域名异常"
          ],
          "after_class": "课后建议：回到真实或模拟环境里，再用 traceroute、dig、which、whereis 做一次独立练习，并尝试自己解释每条输出的含义。"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "module_7_security",
      "title": "模块 7：权限、用户与安全基础",
      "summary": "围绕用户、组、权限和高风险操作建立 Linux 安全基本认知。",
      "lessons": [
        {
          "id": "m7_l1_users",
          "title": "用户与身份：whoami / id / passwd / su",
          "goal": "理解当前身份、用户组和密码变更的意义。",
          "why_it_matters": "你是谁、你属于谁、你能做什么，是 Linux 安全的最基础问题。",
          "concepts": [
            "当前用户",
            "用户组",
            "身份切换"
          ],
          "command": "whoami / id / passwd / su",
          "examples": [
            "whoami",
            "id",
            "passwd"
          ],
          "pitfalls": [
            "不知道自己当前权限边界",
            "以为所有命令都能执行"
          ],
          "scenarios": [
            "确认当前身份",
            "看自己属于哪些组"
          ],
          "exercises": [
            {
              "id": "m7_l1_e1",
              "type": "operation",
              "title": "查看当前用户",
              "hint": "whoami",
              "success_test": "cmd == 'whoami' and 'sandbox_user' in output",
              "solution": [
                "whoami"
              ],
              "success_msg": "你已经会确认当前登录身份了。"
            },
            {
              "id": "m7_l1_e2",
              "type": "operation",
              "title": "查看当前用户组信息",
              "hint": "id",
              "success_test": "cmd == 'id' and 'uid=' in output",
              "solution": [
                "id"
              ],
              "success_msg": "你已经会查看用户与组信息了。"
            },
            {
              "id": "m7_l1_e3",
              "type": "understanding",
              "question": "为什么运维排障前先确认 whoami 很重要？",
              "answer": "因为不同身份决定你能看到什么、改什么，以及排障时会不会被权限挡住"
            }
          ],
          "related_commands": [
            "whoami",
            "id",
            "passwd",
            "su"
          ],
          "classic_view": "教材视角：权限和身份是 Linux 安全边界的基础，能执行不代表应该执行。",
          "takeaways": [
            "学完后应能做到：理解当前身份、用户组和密码变更的意义。",
            "易错提醒：不知道自己当前权限边界",
            "迁移场景：确认当前身份"
          ],
          "after_class": "课后建议：回到真实或模拟环境里，再用 whoami、id、passwd、su 做一次独立练习，并尝试自己解释每条输出的含义。"
        },
        {
          "id": "m7_l2_permissions",
          "title": "权限控制：chmod / chown / chgrp",
          "goal": "理解 Linux 权限控制的基本模型和常见修改动作。",
          "why_it_matters": "很多“无法访问、无法执行、无法写入”本质上都是权限问题。",
          "concepts": [
            "读写执行",
            "拥有者与属组",
            "最小权限原则"
          ],
          "command": "chmod / chown / chgrp",
          "examples": [
            "chmod 644 file.txt",
            "chmod +x run.sh",
            "chown app:app app.log"
          ],
          "pitfalls": [
            "图省事直接给 777",
            "不了解属组导致协作混乱"
          ],
          "scenarios": [
            "修脚本执行权限",
            "调整日志文件归属"
          ],
          "exercises": [
            {
              "id": "m7_l2_e1",
              "type": "operation",
              "title": "给文件添加执行权限",
              "hint": "chmod +x /tmp/a/b/c/readme.txt",
              "success_test": "cmd == 'chmod +x /tmp/a/b/c/readme.txt'",
              "solution": [
                "chmod +x /tmp/a/b/c/readme.txt"
              ],
              "success_msg": "你已经会做最基础的执行权限修改。"
            },
            {
              "id": "m7_l2_e2",
              "type": "understanding",
              "question": "为什么生产环境里不应该随手给 777？",
              "answer": "因为 777 让所有人都有读写执行权限，风险过高，容易造成安全和误操作问题"
            },
            {
              "id": "m7_l2_e3",
              "type": "scenario",
              "question": "脚本提示 Permission denied 时，你会先想到什么？",
              "answer": "先检查文件是否有执行权限，以及当前用户是否有访问权限"
            }
          ],
          "related_commands": [
            "chmod",
            "chown",
            "chgrp"
          ],
          "classic_view": "教材视角：权限和身份是 Linux 安全边界的基础，能执行不代表应该执行。",
          "takeaways": [
            "学完后应能做到：理解 Linux 权限控制的基本模型和常见修改动作。",
            "易错提醒：图省事直接给 777",
            "迁移场景：修脚本执行权限"
          ],
          "after_class": "课后建议：回到真实或模拟环境里，再用 chmod、chown、chgrp 做一次独立练习，并尝试自己解释每条输出的含义。"
        },
        {
          "id": "m7_l3_risk",
          "title": "高风险命令与最小权限原则",
          "goal": "建立运维中“能做”不等于“该做”的安全意识。",
          "why_it_matters": "很多事故不是因为不会，而是因为过度权限和冒险操作。",
          "concepts": [
            "sudo 的边界",
            "危险删除",
            "最小权限"
          ],
          "command": "sudo / rm -rf / 安全习惯",
          "examples": [
            "sudo systemctl restart nginx",
            "rm -rf /tmp/testdir"
          ],
          "pitfalls": [
            "把 sudo 当默认前缀",
            "不确认路径就执行递归删除"
          ],
          "scenarios": [
            "高权限改系统配置",
            "清理目录前先确认路径"
          ],
          "exercises": [
            {
              "id": "m7_l3_e1",
              "type": "understanding",
              "question": "为什么最小权限原则在运维里很重要？",
              "answer": "因为权限越大，误操作和被利用的风险越高，应只给完成任务所需的最小权限"
            },
            {
              "id": "m7_l3_e2",
              "type": "scenario",
              "question": "执行 rm -rf 之前最应该确认什么？",
              "answer": "确认目标路径是否正确，以及是否真的需要递归强制删除"
            },
            {
              "id": "m7_l3_e3",
              "type": "understanding",
              "question": "为什么不应该把 sudo 当成“万能解决方案”？",
              "answer": "因为它绕过权限边界，容易掩盖根因并扩大误操作风险"
            }
          ],
          "related_commands": [
            "sudo",
            "rm -rf",
            "安全习惯"
          ],
          "classic_view": "教材视角：权限和身份是 Linux 安全边界的基础，能执行不代表应该执行。",
          "takeaways": [
            "学完后应能做到：建立运维中“能做”不等于“该做”的安全意识。",
            "易错提醒：把 sudo 当默认前缀",
            "迁移场景：高权限改系统配置"
          ],
          "after_class": "课后建议：回到真实或模拟环境里，再用 sudo、rm -rf、安全习惯 做一次独立练习，并尝试自己解释每条输出的含义。"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "module_8_packages_env",
      "title": "模块 8：软件包、环境与命令定位",
      "summary": "理解命令从哪里来、环境变量如何影响执行、软件包如何管理。",
      "lessons": [
        {
          "id": "m8_l1_path_env",
          "title": "环境变量与命令定位：env / export / which / whereis",
          "goal": "理解 PATH、环境变量和命令查找机制。",
          "why_it_matters": "很多“命令找不到”“版本不对”“环境不生效”都和环境变量有关。",
          "concepts": [
            "PATH",
            "环境变量",
            "命令来源"
          ],
          "command": "env / export / which / whereis",
          "examples": [
            "env",
            "export APP_ENV=prod",
            "which python3",
            "whereis nginx"
          ],
          "pitfalls": [
            "以为命令名唯一对应一个位置",
            "不知道 PATH 顺序会影响执行结果"
          ],
          "scenarios": [
            "排查命令找不到",
            "排查执行到错误版本"
          ],
          "exercises": [
            {
              "id": "m8_l1_e1",
              "type": "operation",
              "title": "查看环境变量",
              "hint": "env",
              "success_test": "cmd == 'env' and 'PATH=' in output",
              "solution": [
                "env"
              ],
              "success_msg": "你已经会查看环境变量了。"
            },
            {
              "id": "m8_l1_e2",
              "type": "operation",
              "title": "定位 ls 命令",
              "hint": "which ls",
              "success_test": "cmd == 'which ls' and '/bin/ls' in output",
              "solution": [
                "which ls"
              ],
              "success_msg": "你已经会查命令来源了。"
            },
            {
              "id": "m8_l1_e3",
              "type": "understanding",
              "question": "为什么 PATH 顺序会影响命令执行结果？",
              "answer": "因为系统会按 PATH 的顺序查找同名命令，先找到哪个就执行哪个"
            }
          ],
          "related_commands": [
            "env",
            "export",
            "which",
            "whereis"
          ],
          "classic_view": "教材视角：很多“环境问题”本质是命令来源、变量配置和包版本问题，不是应用本身坏了。",
          "takeaways": [
            "学完后应能做到：理解 PATH、环境变量和命令查找机制。",
            "易错提醒：以为命令名唯一对应一个位置",
            "迁移场景：排查命令找不到"
          ],
          "after_class": "课后建议：回到真实或模拟环境里，再用 env、export、which、whereis 做一次独立练习，并尝试自己解释每条输出的含义。"
        },
        {
          "id": "m8_l2_package_mgr",
          "title": "包管理基础：apt / yum / dpkg / rpm",
          "goal": "理解 Linux 软件安装与查询的基本方式。",
          "why_it_matters": "软件装没装、版本对不对，是环境排障的重要基础。",
          "concepts": [
            "Debian 与 RedHat 系包管理差异",
            "包查询",
            "版本核对"
          ],
          "command": "apt / yum / dpkg / rpm",
          "examples": [
            "apt list --installed",
            "yum list installed",
            "rpm -qa | grep nginx"
          ],
          "pitfalls": [
            "不知道发行版不同，命令体系也不同",
            "只会装包，不会查版本"
          ],
          "scenarios": [
            "确认软件已安装",
            "核对线上版本"
          ],
          "exercises": [
            {
              "id": "m8_l2_e1",
              "type": "understanding",
              "question": "为什么 apt 和 yum 不能混着理解？",
              "answer": "因为它们属于不同发行版的包管理体系，命令、仓库和包格式都有差异"
            },
            {
              "id": "m8_l2_e2",
              "type": "scenario",
              "question": "排查“命令不存在”时，除了 which 还会想到什么？",
              "answer": "还要确认对应软件包是否已安装，必要时用包管理工具查询"
            },
            {
              "id": "m8_l2_e3",
              "type": "understanding",
              "question": "为什么确认软件版本在运维里很重要？",
              "answer": "因为不同版本的配置、行为和兼容性可能不同，排障和发布都依赖版本信息"
            }
          ],
          "related_commands": [
            "apt",
            "yum",
            "dpkg",
            "rpm"
          ],
          "classic_view": "教材视角：很多“环境问题”本质是命令来源、变量配置和包版本问题，不是应用本身坏了。",
          "takeaways": [
            "学完后应能做到：理解 Linux 软件安装与查询的基本方式。",
            "易错提醒：不知道发行版不同，命令体系也不同",
            "迁移场景：确认软件已安装"
          ],
          "after_class": "课后建议：回到真实或模拟环境里，再用 apt、yum、dpkg、rpm 做一次独立练习，并尝试自己解释每条输出的含义。"
        },
        {
          "id": "m8_l3_alias_habit",
          "title": "alias 与命令行习惯",
          "goal": "建立更高效、更安全的日常命令行习惯。",
          "why_it_matters": "很多效率差异来自长期习惯，而不是单个命令是否会敲。",
          "concepts": [
            "alias",
            "常用缩写",
            "习惯的收益与风险"
          ],
          "command": "alias",
          "examples": [
            "alias ll='ls -l'",
            "alias gs='git status'"
          ],
          "pitfalls": [
            "别名过多反而混乱",
            "依赖个人别名导致跨机器不一致"
          ],
          "scenarios": [
            "提高常用命令效率",
            "统一个人命令习惯"
          ],
          "exercises": [
            {
              "id": "m8_l3_e1",
              "type": "understanding",
              "question": "为什么 alias 既能提升效率，也可能带来问题？",
              "answer": "它能简化命令，但如果过度依赖，换环境或和他人协作时可能造成理解和一致性问题"
            },
            {
              "id": "m8_l3_e2",
              "type": "understanding",
              "question": "为什么运维平台环境中不建议胡乱定义复杂 alias？",
              "answer": "因为可能影响命令可预期性，增加排障和协作成本"
            },
            {
              "id": "m8_l3_e3",
              "type": "scenario",
              "question": "什么时候 alias 是好的，什么时候需要克制？",
              "answer": "高频、简单、个人明确的命令可以用 alias；涉及生产、协作和高风险操作应尽量保持显式命令"
            }
          ],
          "related_commands": [
            "alias"
          ],
          "classic_view": "教材视角：很多“环境问题”本质是命令来源、变量配置和包版本问题，不是应用本身坏了。",
          "takeaways": [
            "学完后应能做到：建立更高效、更安全的日常命令行习惯。",
            "易错提醒：别名过多反而混乱",
            "迁移场景：提高常用命令效率"
          ],
          "after_class": "课后建议：回到真实或模拟环境里，再用 alias 做一次独立练习，并尝试自己解释每条输出的含义。"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "module_9_automation",
      "title": "模块 9：自动化、归档与运维习惯",
      "summary": "建立重定向、管道、定时任务、归档备份和命令复盘习惯。",
      "lessons": [
        {
          "id": "m9_l1_pipe_redirect",
          "title": "组合能力：管道与重定向",
          "goal": "理解为什么 Linux 强调小命令组合，而不是一个命令包办一切。",
          "why_it_matters": "运维效率往往来自命令组合，而不是单个命令本身。",
          "concepts": [
            "标准输入输出",
            "重定向",
            "管道组合"
          ],
          "command": "| / > / >>",
          "examples": [
            "grep error /var/log/syslog | wc -l",
            "echo hello > note.txt",
            "cat file >> backup.txt"
          ],
          "pitfalls": [
            "覆盖写和追加写不分",
            "不会把命令组合成链路"
          ],
          "scenarios": [
            "统计错误行数",
            "生成结果文件"
          ],
          "exercises": [
            {
              "id": "m9_l1_e1",
              "type": "understanding",
              "question": "为什么管道是 Unix/Linux 的核心思想之一？",
              "answer": "因为它让小工具可以彼此组合，快速拼出解决问题的命令链路"
            },
            {
              "id": "m9_l1_e2",
              "type": "scenario",
              "question": "如果想统计日志里 error 出现了多少次，为什么 grep 配合 wc 很自然？",
              "answer": "因为 grep 负责筛选，wc 负责统计，两者分工清晰又容易组合"
            },
            {
              "id": "m9_l1_e3",
              "type": "understanding",
              "question": "> 和 >> 的区别是什么？",
              "answer": "> 是覆盖写入，>> 是追加写入"
            }
          ],
          "related_commands": [
            "|",
            ">",
            ">>"
          ],
          "classic_view": "教材视角：自动化不是炫技，而是把重复工作做成稳定、可复用、可回溯的流程。",
          "takeaways": [
            "学完后应能做到：理解为什么 Linux 强调小命令组合，而不是一个命令包办一切。",
            "易错提醒：覆盖写和追加写不分",
            "迁移场景：统计错误行数"
          ],
          "after_class": "课后建议：回到真实或模拟环境里，再用 |、>、>> 做一次独立练习，并尝试自己解释每条输出的含义。"
        },
        {
          "id": "m9_l2_tar_backup",
          "title": "归档与备份：tar / gzip",
          "goal": "理解打包压缩和备份的基本思路。",
          "why_it_matters": "备份不是把文件复制一下，而是要考虑归档、压缩和恢复。",
          "concepts": [
            "归档 vs 压缩",
            "备份与恢复",
            "打包文件"
          ],
          "command": "tar / gzip",
          "examples": [
            "tar -czf backup.tar.gz /etc",
            "tar -xzf backup.tar.gz -C /tmp"
          ],
          "pitfalls": [
            "只会备份，不会恢复验证",
            "不知道 tar 和 gzip 各自扮演什么角色"
          ],
          "scenarios": [
            "备份配置目录",
            "迁移文件集合"
          ],
          "exercises": [
            {
              "id": "m9_l2_e1",
              "type": "understanding",
              "question": "为什么备份后最好做一次恢复验证？",
              "answer": "因为只有验证过能恢复，备份才真正有意义"
            },
            {
              "id": "m9_l2_e2",
              "type": "scenario",
              "question": "为什么很多运维备份会用 tar.gz？",
              "answer": "因为它适合把多个文件归档后再压缩，便于传输和保存"
            },
            {
              "id": "m9_l2_e3",
              "type": "understanding",
              "question": "tar 和 gzip 的角色区别是什么？",
              "answer": "tar 负责打包归档，gzip 负责压缩"
            }
          ],
          "related_commands": [
            "tar",
            "gzip"
          ],
          "classic_view": "教材视角：自动化不是炫技，而是把重复工作做成稳定、可复用、可回溯的流程。",
          "takeaways": [
            "学完后应能做到：理解打包压缩和备份的基本思路。",
            "易错提醒：只会备份，不会恢复验证",
            "迁移场景：备份配置目录"
          ],
          "after_class": "课后建议：回到真实或模拟环境里，再用 tar、gzip 做一次独立练习，并尝试自己解释每条输出的含义。"
        },
        {
          "id": "m9_l3_crontab_history",
          "title": "定时任务与操作复盘：crontab / history",
          "goal": "理解自动化执行与命令历史复盘的价值。",
          "why_it_matters": "运维很多工作是周期性的，同时排障也离不开复盘。",
          "concepts": [
            "周期任务",
            "命令历史",
            "自动化意识"
          ],
          "command": "crontab / history",
          "examples": [
            "crontab -l",
            "history -n 10"
          ],
          "pitfalls": [
            "写了定时任务却不记录输出",
            "不会利用 history 回顾近期操作"
          ],
          "scenarios": [
            "定时备份",
            "回顾误操作"
          ],
          "exercises": [
            {
              "id": "m9_l3_e1",
              "type": "understanding",
              "question": "为什么定时任务不只要能跑，还要关注日志和输出？",
              "answer": "因为无人值守任务如果失败却没有输出记录，很难排查问题"
            },
            {
              "id": "m9_l3_e2",
              "type": "scenario",
              "question": "复盘线上事故时，history 能提供什么帮助？",
              "answer": "帮助确认最近执行过哪些命令，判断是否有变更触发了问题"
            },
            {
              "id": "m9_l3_e3",
              "type": "understanding",
              "question": "为什么自动化不是“偷懒”，而是运维能力的一部分？",
              "answer": "因为自动化能减少重复劳动、降低人为失误并提升稳定性"
            }
          ],
          "related_commands": [
            "crontab",
            "history"
          ],
          "classic_view": "教材视角：自动化不是炫技，而是把重复工作做成稳定、可复用、可回溯的流程。",
          "takeaways": [
            "学完后应能做到：理解自动化执行与命令历史复盘的价值。",
            "易错提醒：写了定时任务却不记录输出",
            "迁移场景：定时备份"
          ],
          "after_class": "课后建议：回到真实或模拟环境里，再用 crontab、history 做一次独立练习，并尝试自己解释每条输出的含义。"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "module_10_incidents",
      "title": "模块 10：运维综合实战场景",
      "summary": "把前面所有命令和认知串起来，围绕真实故障场景形成排查链路。",
      "lessons": [
        {
          "id": "m10_l1_service_down",
          "title": "场景：服务无法访问排查",
          "goal": "建立“先服务、再端口、再日志、再请求”的排查顺序。",
          "why_it_matters": "这是最经典的运维问题之一。",
          "concepts": [
            "服务状态",
            "端口监听",
            "日志定位",
            "HTTP 验证"
          ],
          "command": "systemctl / ps / ss / journalctl / curl",
          "examples": [
            "systemctl status nginx",
            "ss -ltnp",
            "curl http://127.0.0.1:8080/health"
          ],
          "pitfalls": [
            "只看浏览器打不开，不看服务状态",
            "没有层次地乱查"
          ],
          "scenarios": [
            "应用服务无法访问"
          ],
          "exercises": [
            {
              "id": "m10_l1_e1",
              "type": "scenario",
              "question": "遇到“网站打不开”，一个合理的排查顺序是什么？",
              "answer": "先看服务状态，再看进程和端口，再看日志，最后用 curl 验证接口"
            },
            {
              "id": "m10_l1_e2",
              "type": "understanding",
              "question": "为什么不应该一上来就改配置？",
              "answer": "因为先确认问题在哪一层更重要，盲改配置可能扩大问题"
            },
            {
              "id": "m10_l1_e3",
              "type": "scenario",
              "question": "如果端口没监听，你下一步更应该看什么？",
              "answer": "看服务状态和日志，确认是否启动失败或启动后立即退出"
            }
          ],
          "related_commands": [
            "systemctl",
            "ps",
            "ss",
            "journalctl",
            "curl"
          ],
          "classic_view": "教材视角：综合场景训练的重点不是记住某条命令，而是建立分层排障顺序和判断习惯。",
          "takeaways": [
            "学完后应能做到：建立“先服务、再端口、再日志、再请求”的排查顺序。",
            "易错提醒：只看浏览器打不开，不看服务状态",
            "迁移场景：应用服务无法访问"
          ],
          "after_class": "课后建议：回到真实或模拟环境里，再用 systemctl、ps、ss、journalctl、curl 做一次独立练习，并尝试自己解释每条输出的含义。"
        },
        {
          "id": "m10_l2_disk_full",
          "title": "场景：磁盘爆满排查",
          "goal": "建立从 df 到 du 再到 find 的磁盘问题定位思路。",
          "why_it_matters": "磁盘满会直接导致服务报错、写入失败和日志异常。",
          "concepts": [
            "文件系统空间",
            "目录占用",
            "大文件定位"
          ],
          "command": "df / du / find / sort",
          "examples": [
            "df -h",
            "du -sh /var/log",
            "find /var/log -type f"
          ],
          "pitfalls": [
            "只看 df 不继续追目录",
            "删文件前不确认用途"
          ],
          "scenarios": [
            "排查磁盘 100%"
          ],
          "exercises": [
            {
              "id": "m10_l2_e1",
              "type": "scenario",
              "question": "磁盘爆满时，为什么通常先 df 再 du？",
              "answer": "因为先确认哪个文件系统满了，再定位具体哪个目录占用大"
            },
            {
              "id": "m10_l2_e2",
              "type": "understanding",
              "question": "为什么删除日志前要先确认是否还能用于排障？",
              "answer": "因为日志可能是定位故障的关键证据，盲删会丢失排障线索"
            },
            {
              "id": "m10_l2_e3",
              "type": "scenario",
              "question": "如果 /var/log 特别大，你会想到哪些命令组合？",
              "answer": "df、du、find、sort 组合起来定位大文件和大目录"
            }
          ],
          "related_commands": [
            "df",
            "du",
            "find",
            "sort"
          ],
          "classic_view": "教材视角：综合场景训练的重点不是记住某条命令，而是建立分层排障顺序和判断习惯。",
          "takeaways": [
            "学完后应能做到：建立从 df 到 du 再到 find 的磁盘问题定位思路。",
            "易错提醒：只看 df 不继续追目录",
            "迁移场景：排查磁盘 100%"
          ],
          "after_class": "课后建议：回到真实或模拟环境里，再用 df、du、find、sort 做一次独立练习，并尝试自己解释每条输出的含义。"
        },
        {
          "id": "m10_l3_login_fail",
          "title": "场景：登录失败与权限异常排查",
          "goal": "把身份、权限、日志三者串起来理解。",
          "why_it_matters": "很多系统问题最终都落在权限与身份边界上。",
          "concepts": [
            "当前身份",
            "认证日志",
            "权限边界"
          ],
          "command": "whoami / id / passwd / grep / tail",
          "examples": [
            "whoami",
            "id",
            "tail -n 20 /var/log/auth.log"
          ],
          "pitfalls": [
            "只怀疑密码错误，不看日志",
            "忽略组权限问题"
          ],
          "scenarios": [
            "SSH 登录失败",
            "执行权限不足"
          ],
          "exercises": [
            {
              "id": "m10_l3_e1",
              "type": "scenario",
              "question": "排查登录失败时，除了用户名密码，还要想到什么？",
              "answer": "要看认证日志、用户身份、组信息和权限配置"
            },
            {
              "id": "m10_l3_e2",
              "type": "understanding",
              "question": "为什么权限异常常常不能只靠肉眼猜？",
              "answer": "因为真实问题可能同时涉及用户、组、文件权限和服务身份，需要结合命令验证"
            },
            {
              "id": "m10_l3_e3",
              "type": "scenario",
              "question": "如果脚本明明存在却执行不了，你会从哪几类信息开始看？",
              "answer": "先看 whoami/id，再看文件权限和属主属组，必要时看相关日志"
            }
          ],
          "related_commands": [
            "whoami",
            "id",
            "passwd",
            "grep",
            "tail"
          ],
          "classic_view": "教材视角：综合场景训练的重点不是记住某条命令，而是建立分层排障顺序和判断习惯。",
          "takeaways": [
            "学完后应能做到：把身份、权限、日志三者串起来理解。",
            "易错提醒：只怀疑密码错误，不看日志",
            "迁移场景：SSH 登录失败"
          ],
          "after_class": "课后建议：回到真实或模拟环境里，再用 whoami、id、passwd、grep、tail 做一次独立练习，并尝试自己解释每条输出的含义。"
        }
      ]
    }
  ]
}