linux-practice/COURSE_TASKS.json

{
  "meta": {
    "version": "4.0",
    "title": "Linux 系统学习课程（重构版）",
    "author": "OpenClaw Dev",
    "updated": "2026-03-10",
    "description": "强调知识理解、场景迁移与轻量练习的 Linux 学习课程",
    "module_count": 6,
    "total_lessons": 18,
    "total_exercises": 54
  },
  "modules": [
    {
      "id": "module_1_foundation",
      "title": "模块 1：建立 Linux 基本认知",
      "summary": "先理解终端、目录、路径和最基础命令，建立 Linux 使用的空间感。",
      "lessons": [
        {
          "id": "m1_l1_pwd",
          "title": "认识当前目录：pwd",
          "goal": "理解当前工作目录的意义，知道自己在文件系统中的位置。",
          "why_it_matters": "很多 Linux 操作依赖路径。如果不知道自己当前在哪，后续命令容易出错。",
          "concepts": [
            "当前工作目录",
            "绝对路径与相对路径",
            "为什么要先定位再操作"
          ],
          "command": "pwd",
          "examples": [
            "pwd",
            "cd /tmp && pwd"
          ],
          "pitfalls": [
            "以为终端默认总在同一个目录",
            "不分清当前目录和目标目录"
          ],
          "scenarios": [
            "切目录后确认自己到了哪里",
            "写脚本前确认当前运行位置"
          ],
          "exercises": [
            {
              "id": "m1_l1_e1",
              "type": "understanding",
              "question": "查看当前工作目录应该使用什么命令？",
              "answer": "pwd"
            },
            {
              "id": "m1_l1_e2",
              "type": "operation",
              "title": "输出当前目录",
              "hint": "直接输入 pwd",
              "success_test": "cmd == 'pwd'",
              "solution": ["pwd"],
              "success_msg": "你已经能确认自己所在的位置了。"
            },
            {
              "id": "m1_l1_e3",
              "type": "scenario",
              "question": "如果你不确定自己当前在哪个目录，第一反应应该做什么？",
              "answer": "先执行 pwd 确认当前目录"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "m1_l2_ls",
          "title": "看见目录内容：ls",
          "goal": "理解 ls 的作用，并掌握查看隐藏文件和详细信息的基本方式。",
          "why_it_matters": "Linux 下很多探索行为都从 ls 开始，它决定你如何观察目录结构。",
          "concepts": [
            "目录内容查看",
            "隐藏文件",
            "长列表信息"
          ],
          "command": "ls",
          "examples": [
            "ls",
            "ls -la",
            "ls -lh /etc"
          ],
          "pitfalls": [
            "误以为 ls 看不到的文件就不存在",
            "不会区分普通 ls 和 ls -l 的用途"
          ],
          "scenarios": [
            "排查目录里到底有哪些文件",
            "检查配置目录中是否有隐藏文件"
          ],
          "exercises": [
            {
              "id": "m1_l2_e1",
              "type": "understanding",
              "question": "为什么 ls -a 会比 ls 多看到一些文件？",
              "answer": "因为它会显示隐藏文件，包括以点开头的文件"
            },
            {
              "id": "m1_l2_e2",
              "type": "operation",
              "title": "列出当前目录内容",
              "hint": "输入 ls",
              "success_test": "cmd == 'ls'",
              "solution": ["ls"],
              "success_msg": "你已经会观察目录内容了。"
            },
            {
              "id": "m1_l2_e3",
              "type": "operation",
              "title": "显示隐藏文件和详细信息",
              "hint": "使用 ls -la",
              "success_test": "cmd == 'ls -la' or cmd == 'ls -al'",
              "solution": ["ls -la", "ls -al"],
              "success_msg": "你已经会用更完整的方式查看目录了。"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "m1_l3_cd_cat_echo",
          "title": "移动、读文件、输出文本",
          "goal": "掌握 cd、cat、echo 这些最基础但最常用的命令。",
          "why_it_matters": "这三个命令几乎贯穿 Linux 入门阶段的所有练习。",
          "concepts": [
            "切换目录",
            "读取文件",
            "输出文本与变量"
          ],
          "command": "cd / cat / echo",
          "examples": [
            "cd /tmp",
            "cat /etc/hosts",
            "echo Hello Linux"
          ],
          "pitfalls": [
            "把 cd 和 ls 混用",
            "用 cat 去看过大的文件",
            "不知道 echo 也常用于脚本调试"
          ],
          "scenarios": [
            "进入指定目录继续操作",
            "快速读取配置文件",
            "验证变量和命令输出"
          ],
          "exercises": [
            {
              "id": "m1_l3_e1",
              "type": "operation",
              "title": "进入 /tmp 目录",
              "hint": "cd /tmp",
              "success_test": "cmd == 'cd /tmp' and cwd == '/tmp'",
              "solution": ["cd /tmp"],
              "success_msg": "你已经能切换到目标目录了。"
            },
            {
              "id": "m1_l3_e2",
              "type": "operation",
              "title": "读取 hosts 文件",
              "hint": "cat /etc/hosts",
              "success_test": "cmd == 'cat /etc/hosts' and 'localhost' in output",
              "solution": ["cat /etc/hosts"],
              "success_msg": "你已经会读取基础文本文件了。"
            },
            {
              "id": "m1_l3_e3",
              "type": "operation",
              "title": "输出 Hello Linux",
              "hint": "echo Hello Linux",
              "success_test": "cmd == 'echo Hello Linux' and 'Hello Linux' in output",
              "solution": ["echo Hello Linux"],
              "success_msg": "你已经掌握了最基础的文本输出命令。"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "module_2_filesystem",
      "title": "模块 2：文件与目录操作",
      "summary": "围绕创建、复制、移动、删除和查看文件属性建立文件系统操作能力。",
      "lessons": [
        {
          "id": "m2_l1_create",
          "title": "创建文件与目录：mkdir / touch",
          "goal": "理解目录和文件的创建逻辑，学会递归创建多级目录。",
          "why_it_matters": "很多项目初始化、环境准备都从创建目录结构开始。",
          "concepts": ["目录创建", "多级目录", "空文件创建"],
          "command": "mkdir / touch",
          "examples": ["mkdir demo", "mkdir -p /tmp/a/b/c", "touch notes.txt"],
          "pitfalls": ["忘记使用 -p 创建多级目录", "目标父目录不存在时 touch 失败"],
          "scenarios": ["初始化项目目录结构", "创建占位文件和日志文件"],
          "exercises": [
            {"id": "m2_l1_e1", "type": "operation", "title": "递归创建目录", "hint": "mkdir -p /tmp/a/b/c", "success_test": "cmd == 'mkdir -p /tmp/a/b/c' and exists('/tmp/a/b/c')", "solution": ["mkdir -p /tmp/a/b/c"], "success_msg": "多级目录创建成功。"},
            {"id": "m2_l1_e2", "type": "operation", "title": "创建空文件", "hint": "touch /tmp/a/b/c/readme.txt", "success_test": "cmd == 'touch /tmp/a/b/c/readme.txt' and exists('/tmp/a/b/c/readme.txt')", "solution": ["touch /tmp/a/b/c/readme.txt"], "success_msg": "空文件创建成功。"},
            {"id": "m2_l1_e3", "type": "scenario", "question": "为什么 mkdir -p 适合项目初始化？", "answer": "因为它可以一次创建多级目录，即使上层目录不存在也能自动补齐"}
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "m2_l2_move_copy_delete",
          "title": "复制、移动与删除：cp / mv / rm",
          "goal": "理解文件操作中的备份、迁移、重命名和清理。",
          "why_it_matters": "日常 Linux 使用里最常见的就是处理文件的生命周期。",
          "concepts": ["复制与备份", "移动与重命名", "删除风险"],
          "command": "cp / mv / rm",
          "examples": ["cp /etc/hosts /tmp/hosts.bak", "mv old.txt new.txt", "rm -r /tmp/testdir"],
          "pitfalls": ["把删除当成移动", "对目录使用 cp 却忘记 -r", "rm -rf 风险极高"],
          "scenarios": ["做配置备份", "整理日志文件", "清理无用目录"],
          "exercises": [
            {"id": "m2_l2_e1", "type": "operation", "title": "复制 hosts 文件", "hint": "cp /etc/hosts /tmp/hosts.bak", "success_test": "cmd == 'cp /etc/hosts /tmp/hosts.bak' and exists('/tmp/hosts.bak')", "solution": ["cp /etc/hosts /tmp/hosts.bak"], "success_msg": "文件备份成功。"},
            {"id": "m2_l2_e2", "type": "operation", "title": "重命名备份文件", "hint": "mv /tmp/hosts.bak /tmp/hosts.backup", "success_test": "cmd == 'mv /tmp/hosts.bak /tmp/hosts.backup' and exists('/tmp/hosts.backup')", "solution": ["mv /tmp/hosts.bak /tmp/hosts.backup"], "success_msg": "文件重命名成功。"},
            {"id": "m2_l2_e3", "type": "understanding", "question": "为什么 rm -rf 是高风险命令？", "answer": "因为它会递归并强制删除文件和目录，执行错误会造成不可恢复的数据丢失"}
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "m2_l3_stat_permissions",
          "title": "认识文件属性：stat 与权限基础",
          "goal": "开始理解文件属性和权限表达。",
          "why_it_matters": "文件权限是 Linux 系统安全和协作的重要基础。",
          "concepts": ["文件元信息", "权限三元组", "目录与文件权限差异"],
          "command": "stat / chmod",
          "examples": ["stat /etc/hosts", "chmod 755 script.sh", "chmod +x run.sh"],
          "pitfalls": ["不了解 755 / 644 的含义", "给不该执行的文件随意加执行权限"],
          "scenarios": ["检查脚本是否可执行", "排查权限导致的运行失败"],
          "exercises": [
            {"id": "m2_l3_e1", "type": "operation", "title": "查看 hosts 属性", "hint": "stat /etc/hosts", "success_test": "cmd == 'stat /etc/hosts' and 'File:' in output", "solution": ["stat /etc/hosts"], "success_msg": "你已经会查看文件属性了。"},
            {"id": "m2_l3_e2", "type": "understanding", "question": "755 和 644 最核心的区别是什么？", "answer": "755 允许拥有者读写执行，其他人读执行；644 没有执行权限"},
            {"id": "m2_l3_e3", "type": "operation", "title": "给文件添加执行权限", "hint": "chmod +x /tmp/a/b/c/readme.txt", "success_test": "cmd == 'chmod +x /tmp/a/b/c/readme.txt'", "solution": ["chmod +x /tmp/a/b/c/readme.txt"], "success_msg": "你已经完成了权限修改练习。"}
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "module_3_searching",
      "title": "模块 3：阅读与筛选信息",
      "summary": "把 Linux 当成信息检索工具来学，围绕日志、配置和统计建立阅读能力。",
      "lessons": [
        {
          "id": "m3_l1_read_logs",
          "title": "看文件头尾：head / tail",
          "goal": "学会快速读取大文件的局部内容。",
          "why_it_matters": "日志通常很大，不可能总是整份去看。",
          "concepts": ["查看前几行", "查看后几行", "实时追踪"],
          "command": "head / tail",
          "examples": ["head -n 5 /var/log/syslog", "tail -n 20 /var/log/syslog", "tail -f /var/log/syslog"],
          "pitfalls": ["大文件直接 cat 影响阅读效率", "不会区分查看历史和跟踪新增日志"],
          "scenarios": ["看配置文件开头", "盯日志尾部排查实时错误"],
          "exercises": [
            {"id": "m3_l1_e1", "type": "operation", "title": "查看 syslog 前 5 行", "hint": "head -n 5 /var/log/syslog", "success_test": "(cmd == 'head -n 5 /var/log/syslog' or cmd == 'head -5 /var/log/syslog') and len(output.split('\n')) >= 5", "solution": ["head -n 5 /var/log/syslog", "head -5 /var/log/syslog"], "success_msg": "你已经会局部查看大文件开头了。"},
            {"id": "m3_l1_e2", "type": "operation", "title": "查看 syslog 最后 3 行", "hint": "tail -n 3 /var/log/syslog", "success_test": "(cmd == 'tail -n 3 /var/log/syslog' or cmd == 'tail -3 /var/log/syslog') and len(output.split('\n')) >= 3", "solution": ["tail -n 3 /var/log/syslog", "tail -3 /var/log/syslog"], "success_msg": "你已经会快速查看日志尾部了。"},
            {"id": "m3_l1_e3", "type": "scenario", "question": "为什么排查线上报错时更常先用 tail 而不是 cat？", "answer": "因为日志通常很大，tail 可以更快聚焦最近发生的问题"}
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "m3_l2_grep",
          "title": "关键词搜索：grep",
          "goal": "理解 grep 作为日志排障和文本定位核心工具的价值。",
          "why_it_matters": "没有 grep，查日志和配置会慢很多。",
          "concepts": ["大小写忽略", "显示行号", "反向匹配", "递归搜索"],
          "command": "grep",
          "examples": ["grep error /var/log/syslog", "grep -in root /etc/passwd", "grep -v nologin /etc/passwd"],
          "pitfalls": ["不会结合 -n 定位行号", "不知道 -i 和 -v 的常见用途"],
          "scenarios": ["查错误日志", "找配置项", "过滤无效行"],
          "exercises": [
            {"id": "m3_l2_e1", "type": "operation", "title": "查找 syslog 中的 error", "hint": "grep error /var/log/syslog", "success_test": "cmd == 'grep error /var/log/syslog' and 'error' in output.lower()", "solution": ["grep error /var/log/syslog"], "success_msg": "你已经会在日志里搜关键词了。"},
            {"id": "m3_l2_e2", "type": "operation", "title": "忽略大小写搜索 root", "hint": "grep -i root /etc/passwd", "success_test": "cmd == 'grep -i root /etc/passwd'", "solution": ["grep -i root /etc/passwd"], "success_msg": "你已经知道如何处理大小写差异了。"},
            {"id": "m3_l2_e3", "type": "understanding", "question": "grep -n 的意义是什么？", "answer": "显示匹配结果所在的行号，方便快速定位原文位置"}
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "m3_l3_find_wc_sort",
          "title": "查找与统计：find / wc / sort",
          "goal": "建立查找文件和做基础统计的能力。",
          "why_it_matters": "Linux 的很多效率来自组合式查找与统计。",
          "concepts": ["按名称查找", "行数字数统计", "排序输出"],
          "command": "find / wc / sort",
          "examples": ["find /etc -name '*.conf'", "wc -l /var/log/syslog", "ls | sort"],
          "pitfalls": ["把 find 和 grep 混淆", "不会根据任务选文件查找还是内容查找"],
          "scenarios": ["找配置文件", "统计日志行数", "整理输出结果"],
          "exercises": [
            {"id": "m3_l3_e1", "type": "operation", "title": "查找 /etc 下所有 .conf 文件", "hint": "find /etc -name '*.conf'", "success_test": "cmd == \"find /etc -name '*.conf'\" and '.conf' in output", "solution": ["find /etc -name '*.conf'"], "success_msg": "你已经会用 find 定位文件了。"},
            {"id": "m3_l3_e2", "type": "operation", "title": "统计 syslog 行数", "hint": "wc -l /var/log/syslog", "success_test": "cmd == 'wc -l /var/log/syslog' and output.strip().isdigit()", "solution": ["wc -l /var/log/syslog"], "success_msg": "你已经会做基础统计了。"},
            {"id": "m3_l3_e3", "type": "understanding", "question": "找文件位置应该优先想到 find 还是 grep？为什么？", "answer": "优先用 find，因为这是文件定位问题，不是文件内容搜索问题"}
          ]
        }
      ]
    }
  ]
}