Update: struts config, new actions and views

pom.xml

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+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
+         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
+         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
+    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
+    <groupId>com.example</groupId>
+    <artifactId>struts2-scaffold</artifactId>
+    <version>1.0.0</version>
+    <packaging>war</packaging>
+    <properties>
+        <maven.compiler.source>17</maven.compiler.source>
+        <maven.compiler.target>17</maven.compiler.target>
+    </properties>
+    <dependencies>
+        <dependency>
+            <groupId>org.apache.struts</groupId>
+            <artifactId>struts2-core</artifactId>
+            <version>6.4.0</version>
+        </dependency>
+        <dependency>
+            <groupId>javax.servlet</groupId>
+            <artifactId>javax.servlet-api</artifactId>
+            <version>4.0.1</version>
+            <scope>provided</scope>
+        </dependency>
+    </dependencies>
+    <build>
+        <plugins>
+            <plugin>
+                <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
+                <artifactId>maven-war-plugin</artifactId>
+                <version>3.4.0</version>
+            </plugin>
+        </plugins>
+    </build>
+</project>

src/main/java/com/example/struts2/ActionLifecycleAction.java

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+package com.example.struts2;
+
+import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionSupport;
+import org.apache.struts2.ServletActionContext;
+import com.google.gson.Gson;
+import java.io.PrintWriter;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.*;
+
+/**
+ * Action生命周期可视化Action - 展示请求处理完整流程
+ * 
+ * 学习点：
+ * - Action的完整生命周期
+ * - 拦截器链的执行过程
+ * - 结果渲染流程
+ */
+public class ActionLifecycleAction extends ActionSupport {
+    
+    private static final Gson gson = new Gson();
+    private static List<String> lifecycleLog = new ArrayList<>();
+    
+    /**
+     * 显示生命周期可视化页面
+     */
+    public String execute() {
+        return SUCCESS;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 获取Action生命周期流程（AJAX）
+     */
+    public String getLifecycle() {
+        Map<String, Object> result = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+        List<Map<String, Object>> stages = new ArrayList<>();
+        
+        // 阶段1: 请求接收
+        Map<String, Object> stage1 = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+        stage1.put("id", 1);
+        stage1.put("name", "请求接收");
+        stage1.put("icon", "📨");
+        stage1.put("description", "客户端发送HTTP请求，被Servlet容器接收");
+        stage1.put("components", Arrays.asList("HttpServletRequest", "HttpServletResponse"));
+        stage1.put("details", "请求URL、参数、Header等信息被封装到请求对象中");
+        stages.add(stage1);
+        
+        // 阶段2: Filter处理
+        Map<String, Object> stage2 = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+        stage2.put("id", 2);
+        stage2.put("name", "Filter处理");
+        stage2.put("icon", "🛡️");
+        stage2.put("description", "StrutsPrepareAndExecuteFilter接管请求");
+        stage2.put("components", Arrays.asList("StrutsPrepareAndExecuteFilter", "ActionContextCleanUp"));
+        stage2.put("details", "过滤器准备ActionContext，设置值栈，创建ActionProxy");
+        stages.add(stage2);
+        
+        // 阶段3: ActionProxy创建
+        Map<String, Object> stage3 = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+        stage3.put("id", 3);
+        stage3.put("name", "ActionProxy创建");
+        stage3.put("icon", "🔧");
+        stage3.put("description", "根据URL映射创建ActionProxy和ActionInvocation");
+        stage3.put("components", Arrays.asList("ActionProxy", "ActionInvocation", "Configuration"));
+        stage3.put("details", "从struts.xml查找Action配置，确定拦截器栈和结果映射");
+        stages.add(stage3);
+        
+        // 阶段4: 拦截器前置处理
+        Map<String, Object> stage4 = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+        stage4.put("id", 4);
+        stage4.put("name", "拦截器前置处理");
+        stage4.put("icon", "⛓️");
+        stage4.put("description", "按顺序执行拦截器的intercept方法");
+        stage4.put("components", Arrays.asList("Interceptor", "InterceptorStack"));
+        stage4.put("details", "执行日志、权限、校验等前置处理，可中断请求流程");
+        stages.add(stage4);
+        
+        // 阶段5: Action执行
+        Map<String, Object> stage5 = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+        stage5.put("id", 5);
+        stage5.put("name", "Action执行");
+        stage5.put("icon", "⚡");
+        stage5.put("description", "调用Action的execute或其他指定方法");
+        stage5.put("components", Arrays.asList("Action", "ActionSupport", "ModelDriven"));
+        stage5.put("details", "执行业务逻辑，操作数据库，返回结果字符串");
+        stages.add(stage5);
+        
+        // 阶段6: 拦截器后置处理
+        Map<String, Object> stage6 = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+        stage6.put("id", 6);
+        stage6.put("name", "拦截器后置处理");
+        stage6.put("icon", "↩️");
+        stage6.put("description", "拦截器链返回，执行后置处理");
+        stage6.put("components", Arrays.asList("Interceptor", "Result"));
+        stage6.put("details", "记录执行时间，处理结果，进行资源清理");
+        stages.add(stage6);
+        
+        // 阶段7: 结果渲染
+        Map<String, Object> stage7 = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+        stage7.put("id", 7);
+        stage7.put("name", "结果渲染");
+        stage7.put("icon", "🎨");
+        stage7.put("description", "根据返回的结果字符串查找并执行Result");
+        stage7.put("components", Arrays.asList("Result", "ServletDispatcherResult", "JSP"));
+        stage7.put("details", "转发或重定向到视图页面，渲染响应内容");
+        stages.add(stage7);
+        
+        // 阶段8: 响应返回
+        Map<String, Object> stage8 = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+        stage8.put("id", 8);
+        stage8.put("name", "响应返回");
+        stage8.put("icon", "📤");
+        stage8.put("description", "将渲染后的响应返回给客户端");
+        stage8.put("components", Arrays.asList("HttpServletResponse", "OutputStream"));
+        stage8.put("details", "清理ActionContext，释放资源，完成请求处理");
+        stages.add(stage8);
+        
+        result.put("stages", stages);
+        result.put("totalStages", stages.size());
+        
+        writeJsonResponse(result);
+        return NONE;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 获取拦截器链执行流程（AJAX）
+     */
+    public String getInterceptorChain() {
+        Map<String, Object> result = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+        List<Map<String, Object>> interceptors = new ArrayList<>();
+        
+        // 框架级拦截器
+        Map<String, Object> i1 = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+        i1.put("name", "TimerInterceptor");
+        i1.put("type", "framework");
+        i1.put("description", "记录Action执行时间");
+        i1.put("phase", "前后");
+        interceptors.add(i1);
+        
+        Map<String, Object> i2 = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+        i2.put("name", "LoggerInterceptor");
+        i2.put("type", "framework");
+        i2.put("description", "记录请求日志");
+        i2.put("phase", "前置");
+        interceptors.add(i2);
+        
+        Map<String, Object> i3 = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+        i3.put("name", "ParametersInterceptor");
+        i3.put("type", "framework");
+        i3.put("description", "将请求参数设置到Action");
+        i3.put("phase", "前置");
+        interceptors.add(i3);
+        
+        Map<String, Object> i4 = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+        i4.put("name", "ValidationInterceptor");
+        i4.put("type", "framework");
+        i4.put("description", "执行数据验证");
+        i4.put("phase", "前置");
+        interceptors.add(i4);
+        
+        Map<String, Object> i5 = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+        i5.put("name", "WorkflowInterceptor");
+        i5.put("type", "framework");
+        i5.put("description", "处理验证错误，返回input结果");
+        i5.put("phase", "前置");
+        interceptors.add(i5);
+        
+        // 自定义拦截器
+        Map<String, Object> i6 = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+        i6.put("name", "LoggingInterceptor");
+        i6.put("type", "custom");
+        i6.put("description", "自定义日志拦截器");
+        i6.put("phase", "前后");
+        interceptors.add(i6);
+        
+        Map<String, Object> i7 = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+        i7.put("name", "TimingInterceptor");
+        i7.put("type", "custom");
+        i7.put("description", "自定义计时拦截器");
+        i7.put("phase", "前后");
+        interceptors.add(i7);
+        
+        Map<String, Object> i8 = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+        i8.put("name", "RateLimitInterceptor");
+        i8.put("type", "custom");
+        i8.put("description", "限流拦截器");
+        i8.put("phase", "前置");
+        interceptors.add(i8);
+        
+        result.put("interceptors", interceptors);
+        result.put("chainPattern", "责任链模式");
+        result.put("executionOrder", "先入后出（递归调用）");
+        
+        writeJsonResponse(result);
+        return NONE;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 模拟请求执行过程（AJAX）
+     */
+    public String simulateRequest() {
+        Map<String, Object> result = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+        List<Map<String, Object>> logs = new ArrayList<>();
+        
+        long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        
+        // 模拟每个阶段的执行
+        String[] stages = {
+            "接收请求: GET /user/list",
+            "Filter: StrutsPrepareAndExecuteFilter.doFilter()",
+            "创建ActionProxy: UserFormAction.list()",
+            "创建ActionInvocation",
+            "▶️ 开始拦截器链",
+            "  → TimerInterceptor.before()",
+            "  → LoggerInterceptor.before()",
+            "  → ParametersInterceptor.before()",
+            "  → ValidationInterceptor.before()",
+            "  → LoggingInterceptor.before()",
+            "  → TimingInterceptor.before()",
+            "▶️ 执行Action: UserFormAction.list()",
+            "  → 查询用户列表",
+            "  → 设置userList到值栈",
+            "  → 返回结果: SUCCESS",
+            "↩️ 拦截器链返回",
+            "  → TimingInterceptor.after()",
+            "  → LoggingInterceptor.after()",
+            "  → ValidationInterceptor.after()",
+            "  → ParametersInterceptor.after()",
+            "  → LoggerInterceptor.after()",
+            "  → TimerInterceptor.after()",
+            "▶️ 结果渲染: /user-list.jsp",
+            "  → OGNL解析值栈数据",
+            "  → 渲染JSP页面",
+            "  → 返回响应",
+            "✅ 请求完成"
+        };
+        
+        for (int i = 0; i < stages.length; i++) {
+            Map<String, Object> log = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+            log.put("step", i + 1);
+            log.put("message", stages[i]);
+            log.put("timestamp", startTime + i * 10);
+            log.put("indent", stages[i].startsWith("  ") ? 2 : (stages[i].startsWith("→") ? 1 : 0));
+            logs.add(log);
+        }
+        
+        result.put("logs", logs);
+        result.put("totalTime", stages.length * 10);
+        result.put("interceptorCount", 6);
+        result.put("actionTime", 10);
+        result.put("renderTime", 20);
+        
+        writeJsonResponse(result);
+        return NONE;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 获取值栈信息（AJAX）
+     */
+    public String getValueStack() {
+        Map<String, Object> result = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+        
+        List<Map<String, Object>> stack = new ArrayList<>();
+        
+        Map<String, Object> root = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+        root.put("name", "CompoundRoot");
+        root.put("type", "root");
+        root.put("description", "值栈的根对象列表");
+        root.put("objects", Arrays.asList(
+            mapOf("name", "当前Action", "type", "UserFormAction", "properties", "userList, user, id"),
+            mapOf("name", "模型对象", "type", "User", "properties", "id, name, email, age")
+        ));
+        stack.add(root);
+        
+        Map<String, Object> context = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+        context.put("name", "ActionContext");
+        context.put("type", "context");
+        context.put("description", "Action上下文");
+        context.put("objects", Arrays.asList(
+            mapOf("name", "request", "type", "HttpServletRequest", "properties", "参数、Header、Attribute"),
+            mapOf("name", "session", "type", "HttpSession", "properties", "会话数据"),
+            mapOf("name", "application", "type", "ServletContext", "properties", "应用级数据"),
+            mapOf("name", "parameters", "type", "Map", "properties", "请求参数"),
+            mapOf("name", "attr", "type", "Map", "properties", "属性查找")
+        ));
+        stack.add(context);
+        
+        result.put("stack", stack);
+        result.put("ognl", "OGNL表达式用于访问值栈中的数据");
+        result.put("examples", Arrays.asList(
+            "user.name - 访问Action的user对象的name属性",
+            "#session.user - 访问session中的user",
+            "#request.ip - 访问request中的ip属性",
+            "userList.size() - 调用userList的size方法"
+        ));
+        
+        writeJsonResponse(result);
+        return NONE;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 辅助方法：创建Map
+     */
+    private Map<String, String> mapOf(String... pairs) {
+        Map<String, String> map = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+        for (int i = 0; i < pairs.length; i += 2) {
+            map.put(pairs[i], pairs[i + 1]);
+        }
+        return map;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 辅助方法：写入JSON响应
+     */
+    private void writeJsonResponse(Map<String, Object> data) {
+        try {
+            ServletActionContext.getResponse().setContentType("application/json;charset=UTF-8");
+            PrintWriter out = ServletActionContext.getResponse().getWriter();
+            out.print(gson.toJson(data));
+            out.flush();
+            out.close();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+    }
+}

src/main/java/com/example/struts2/AjaxDemoAction.java

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+package com.example.struts2;
+
+import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionSupport;
+import org.apache.struts2.ServletActionContext;
+import com.google.gson.Gson;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.PrintWriter;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+/**
+ * AJAX演示Action - 展示Struts2处理异步请求
+ * 
+ * 学习点：
+ * - 返回JSON数据
+ * - 处理AJAX请求
+ * - 前后端分离交互
+ */
+public class AjaxDemoAction extends ActionSupport {
+    
+    private String username;
+    private String email;
+    private Integer age;
+    private Long userId;
+    
+    // Gson用于JSON序列化
+    private static final Gson gson = new Gson();
+    
+    /**
+     * 检查用户名是否可用（AJAX验证）
+     */
+    public String checkUsername() {
+        Map<String, Object> result = new HashMap<>();
+        
+        // 模拟数据库检查
+        boolean available = !"admin".equals(username) && !"root".equals(username);
+        
+        result.put("available", available);
+        result.put("message", available ? "用户名可用" : "用户名已被占用");
+        result.put("username", username);
+        
+        writeJsonResponse(result);
+        return NONE;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 获取用户统计信息
+     */
+    public String getStats() {
+        Map<String, Object> stats = new HashMap<>();
+        stats.put("totalUsers", 156);
+        stats.put("activeUsers", 89);
+        stats.put("newUsersToday", 12);
+        stats.put("timestamp", System.currentTimeMillis());
+        
+        writeJsonResponse(stats);
+        return NONE;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 模拟保存用户（AJAX提交）
+     */
+    public String saveUser() {
+        Map<String, Object> result = new HashMap<>();
+        
+        // 模拟验证
+        if (username == null || username.trim().isEmpty()) {
+            result.put("success", false);
+            result.put("error", "用户名不能为空");
+        } else if (email == null || !email.contains("@")) {
+            result.put("success", false);
+            result.put("error", "邮箱格式不正确");
+        } else {
+            // 模拟保存成功
+            result.put("success", true);
+            result.put("message", "用户保存成功");
+            result.put("userId", System.currentTimeMillis());
+            result.put("username", username);
+        }
+        
+        writeJsonResponse(result);
+        return NONE;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 获取实时数据（模拟）
+     */
+    public String getRealtimeData() {
+        Map<String, Object> data = new HashMap<>();
+        data.put("serverTime", new java.util.Date().toString());
+        data.put("requestsPerSecond", Math.random() * 100);
+        data.put("memoryUsage", Runtime.getRuntime().totalMemory() / 1024 / 1024);
+        data.put("activeSessions", (int)(Math.random() * 50) + 10);
+        
+        writeJsonResponse(data);
+        return NONE;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 辅助方法：写入JSON响应
+     */
+    private void writeJsonResponse(Map<String, Object> data) {
+        try {
+            ServletActionContext.getResponse().setContentType("application/json;charset=UTF-8");
+            PrintWriter out = ServletActionContext.getResponse().getWriter();
+            out.print(gson.toJson(data));
+            out.flush();
+            out.close();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+    }
+    
+    // Getters and Setters
+    public String getUsername() { return username; }
+    public void setUsername(String username) { this.username = username; }
+    
+    public String getEmail() { return email; }
+    public void setEmail(String email) { this.email = email; }
+    
+    public Integer getAge() { return age; }
+    public void setAge(Integer age) { this.age = age; }
+    
+    public Long getUserId() { return userId; }
+    public void setUserId(Long userId) { this.userId = userId; }
+}

src/main/java/com/example/struts2/ClassLoaderAction.java

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+package com.example.struts2;
+
+import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionSupport;
+import org.apache.struts2.ServletActionContext;
+import com.google.gson.Gson;
+import java.io.PrintWriter;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.*;
+
+/**
+ * 类加载可视化Action - 展示JVM类加载机制
+ * 
+ * 学习点：
+ * - 类加载器层次结构（Bootstrap -> Extension -> Application）
+ * - 类的加载过程
+ * - 双亲委派模型
+ */
+public class ClassLoaderAction extends ActionSupport {
+    
+    private static final Gson gson = new Gson();
+    private Map<String, Object> classLoaderInfo;
+    private List<Map<String, Object>> loadedClasses;
+    
+    /**
+     * 显示类加载可视化页面
+     */
+    public String execute() {
+        return SUCCESS;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 获取类加载器层次结构信息（AJAX）
+     */
+    public String getClassLoaderHierarchy() {
+        Map<String, Object> result = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+        
+        // 获取当前类的类加载器
+        ClassLoader appLoader = this.getClass().getClassLoader();
+        ClassLoader extLoader = appLoader.getParent();
+        ClassLoader bootstrapLoader = extLoader != null ? extLoader.getParent() : null;
+        
+        List<Map<String, Object>> hierarchy = new ArrayList<>();
+        
+        // Bootstrap ClassLoader
+        Map<String, Object> bootstrap = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+        bootstrap.put("name", "Bootstrap ClassLoader");
+        bootstrap.put("type", "bootstrap");
+        bootstrap.put("description", "启动类加载器 - 加载核心Java类（rt.jar）");
+        bootstrap.put("loadedClasses", getBootstrapClasses());
+        bootstrap.put("parent", null);
+        hierarchy.add(bootstrap);
+        
+        // Extension ClassLoader
+        if (extLoader != null) {
+            Map<String, Object> extension = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+            extension.put("name", "Extension ClassLoader");
+            extension.put("type", "extension");
+            extension.put("description", "扩展类加载器 - 加载扩展类（ext目录）");
+            extension.put("className", extLoader.getClass().getName());
+            extension.put("loadedClasses", countLoadedClasses(extLoader));
+            extension.put("parent", "Bootstrap ClassLoader");
+            hierarchy.add(extension);
+        }
+        
+        // Application ClassLoader
+        Map<String, Object> application = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+        application.put("name", "Application ClassLoader");
+        application.put("type", "application");
+        application.put("description", "应用类加载器 - 加载classpath下的类");
+        application.put("className", appLoader.getClass().getName());
+        application.put("loadedClasses", countLoadedClasses(appLoader));
+        application.put("parent", extLoader != null ? "Extension ClassLoader" : "Bootstrap ClassLoader");
+        hierarchy.add(application);
+        
+        // 当前Web应用的类加载器（如果是Web应用）
+        ClassLoader threadLoader = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader();
+        if (threadLoader != appLoader) {
+            Map<String, Object> web = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+            web.put("name", "WebApp ClassLoader");
+            web.put("type", "webapp");
+            web.put("description", "Web应用类加载器 - 加载WEB-INF/classes和lib下的类");
+            web.put("className", threadLoader.getClass().getName());
+            web.put("loadedClasses", "动态加载");
+            web.put("parent", "Application ClassLoader");
+            hierarchy.add(web);
+        }
+        
+        result.put("hierarchy", hierarchy);
+        result.put("currentClassLoader", this.getClass().getClassLoader().getClass().getName());
+        
+        writeJsonResponse(result);
+        return NONE;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 获取已加载的类列表（AJAX）
+     */
+    public String getLoadedClasses() {
+        Map<String, Object> result = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+        List<Map<String, Object>> classes = new ArrayList<>();
+        
+        // 获取一些重要的Struts2相关类
+        String[] classNames = {
+            "com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionSupport",
+            "org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.filter.StrutsPrepareAndExecuteFilter",
+            "com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.AbstractInterceptor",
+            "org.apache.struts2.components.Component",
+            "com.opensymphony.xwork2.util.ValueStack",
+            "ognl.Ognl",
+            "com.example.struts2.HelloAction",
+            "com.example.struts2.CalculatorAction"
+        };
+        
+        for (String className : classNames) {
+            try {
+                Class<?> clazz = Class.forName(className);
+                Map<String, Object> classInfo = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+                classInfo.put("name", className);
+                classInfo.put("simpleName", clazz.getSimpleName());
+                classInfo.put("classLoader", clazz.getClassLoader() != null ? 
+                    clazz.getClassLoader().getClass().getSimpleName() : "Bootstrap");
+                classInfo.put("package", clazz.getPackage().getName());
+                classInfo.put("superclass", clazz.getSuperclass() != null ? 
+                    clazz.getSuperclass().getSimpleName() : "None");
+                classInfo.put("interfaces", getInterfacesNames(clazz));
+                classInfo.put("loadedTime", "运行时已加载");
+                classes.add(classInfo);
+            } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
+                // 类未找到，跳过
+            }
+        }
+        
+        result.put("classes", classes);
+        result.put("totalCount", classes.size());
+        
+        writeJsonResponse(result);
+        return NONE;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 模拟类加载过程（AJAX）
+     */
+    public String simulateClassLoading() {
+        Map<String, Object> result = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+        List<Map<String, Object>> steps = new ArrayList<>();
+        
+        // 步骤1: 加载
+        Map<String, Object> step1 = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+        step1.put("step", 1);
+        step1.put("name", "加载 (Loading)");
+        step1.put("description", "通过类的全限定名获取二进制字节流，将静态存储结构转化为方法区的运行时数据结构");
+        step1.put("action", "查找.class文件 -> 读取字节码 -> 创建Class对象");
+        step1.put("icon", "📂");
+        steps.add(step1);
+        
+        // 步骤2: 验证
+        Map<String, Object> step2 = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+        step2.put("step", 2);
+        step2.put("name", "验证 (Verification)");
+        step2.put("description", "确保字节码符合JVM规范，不会危害虚拟机安全");
+        step2.put("action", "文件格式验证 -> 元数据验证 -> 字节码验证 -> 符号引用验证");
+        step2.put("icon", "✅");
+        steps.add(step2);
+        
+        // 步骤3: 准备
+        Map<String, Object> step3 = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+        step3.put("step", 3);
+        step3.put("name", "准备 (Preparation)");
+        step3.put("description", "为类的静态变量分配内存并设置默认初始值");
+        step3.put("action", "分配静态变量内存 -> 设置默认值(int=0, boolean=false, reference=null)");
+        step3.put("icon", "📝");
+        steps.add(step3);
+        
+        // 步骤4: 解析
+        Map<String, Object> step4 = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+        step4.put("step", 4);
+        step4.put("name", "解析 (Resolution)");
+        step4.put("description", "将常量池内的符号引用替换为直接引用");
+        step4.put("action", "类/接口解析 -> 字段解析 -> 方法解析 -> 接口方法解析");
+        step4.put("icon", "🔗");
+        steps.add(step4);
+        
+        // 步骤5: 初始化
+        Map<String, Object> step5 = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+        step5.put("step", 5);
+        step5.put("name", "初始化 (Initialization)");
+        step5.put("description", "执行类构造器<clinit>()方法，为静态变量赋予正确的初始值");
+        step5.put("action", "执行静态代码块 -> 初始化静态变量 -> 类完全可用");
+        step5.put("icon", "🚀");
+        steps.add(step5);
+        
+        result.put("steps", steps);
+        result.put("totalSteps", steps.size());
+        
+        writeJsonResponse(result);
+        return NONE;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 获取Struts2框架核心类的加载信息
+     */
+    public String getStrutsClassesInfo() {
+        Map<String, Object> result = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+        List<Map<String, Object>> modules = new ArrayList<>();
+        
+        // Action模块
+        Map<String, Object> actionModule = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+        actionModule.put("name", "Action模块");
+        actionModule.put("description", "处理用户请求的核心组件");
+        actionModule.put("classes", Arrays.asList(
+            createClassInfo("ActionSupport", "提供了Action的基础实现", "com.opensymphony.xwork2"),
+            createClassInfo("ActionContext", "Action的上下文环境", "com.opensymphony.xwork2"),
+            createClassInfo("ServletActionContext", "与Servlet集成的上下文", "org.apache.struts2"),
+            createClassInfo("ActionInvocation", "Action调用链", "com.opensymphony.xwork2")
+        ));
+        modules.add(actionModule);
+        
+        // 拦截器模块
+        Map<String, Object> interceptorModule = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+        interceptorModule.put("name", "拦截器模块");
+        interceptorModule.put("description", "在Action执行前后进行增强处理");
+        interceptorModule.put("classes", Arrays.asList(
+            createClassInfo("AbstractInterceptor", "拦截器基类", "com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor"),
+            createClassInfo("Interceptor", "拦截器接口", "com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor"),
+            createClassInfo("ActionInvocation", "拦截器链调用", "com.opensymphony.xwork2"),
+            createClassInfo("DefaultActionInvocation", "默认实现", "com.opensymphony.xwork2")
+        ));
+        modules.add(interceptorModule);
+        
+        // OGNL模块
+        Map<String, Object> ognlModule = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+        ognlModule.put("name", "OGNL模块");
+        ognlModule.put("description", "对象图导航语言，用于数据绑定");
+        ognlModule.put("classes", Arrays.asList(
+            createClassInfo("Ognl", "OGNL核心类", "ognl"),
+            createClassInfo("OgnlContext", "OGNL上下文", "ognl"),
+            createClassInfo("ValueStack", "值栈", "com.opensymphony.xwork2.util"),
+            createClassInfo("CompoundRoot", "复合根对象", "com.opensymphony.xwork2.util")
+        ));
+        modules.add(ognlModule);
+        
+        // 结果处理模块
+        Map<String, Object> resultModule = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+        resultModule.put("name", "结果处理模块");
+        resultModule.put("description", "处理Action执行结果");
+        resultModule.put("classes", Arrays.asList(
+            createClassInfo("Result", "结果接口", "com.opensymphony.xwork2"),
+            createClassInfo("ServletDispatcherResult", "Servlet转发结果", "org.apache.struts2.dispatcher"),
+            createClassInfo("ServletRedirectResult", "重定向结果", "org.apache.struts2.dispatcher"),
+            createClassInfo("StreamResult", "流结果", "org.apache.struts2.dispatcher")
+        ));
+        modules.add(resultModule);
+        
+        result.put("modules", modules);
+        
+        writeJsonResponse(result);
+        return NONE;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 辅助方法：创建类信息
+     */
+    private Map<String, String> createClassInfo(String name, String desc, String pkg) {
+        Map<String, String> info = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+        info.put("name", name);
+        info.put("description", desc);
+        info.put("package", pkg);
+        return info;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 辅助方法：获取接口名称列表
+     */
+    private List<String> getInterfacesNames(Class<?> clazz) {
+        List<String> interfaces = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (Class<?> iface : clazz.getInterfaces()) {
+            interfaces.add(iface.getSimpleName());
+        }
+        return interfaces;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 辅助方法：统计已加载的类数量
+     */
+    private String countLoadedClasses(ClassLoader loader) {
+        // 实际项目中可以使用Instrumentation API获取准确数字
+        return "动态加载";
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 辅助方法：获取Bootstrap加载的核心类
+     */
+    private List<String> getBootstrapClasses() {
+        return Arrays.asList("java.lang.Object", "java.lang.String", "java.lang.System", 
+            "java.util.ArrayList", "java.util.HashMap", "java.io.File");
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 辅助方法：写入JSON响应
+     */
+    private void writeJsonResponse(Map<String, Object> data) {
+        try {
+            ServletActionContext.getResponse().setContentType("application/json;charset=UTF-8");
+            PrintWriter out = ServletActionContext.getResponse().getWriter();
+            out.print(gson.toJson(data));
+            out.flush();
+            out.close();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+    }
+    
+    // Getters and Setters
+    public Map<String, Object> getClassLoaderInfo() { return classLoaderInfo; }
+    public void setClassLoaderInfo(Map<String, Object> classLoaderInfo) { this.classLoaderInfo = classLoaderInfo; }
+    
+    public List<Map<String, Object>> getLoadedClasses() { return loadedClasses; }
+    public void setLoadedClasses(List<Map<String, Object>> loadedClasses) { this.loadedClasses = loadedClasses; }
+}

src/main/java/com/example/struts2/FileUploadAction.java

@@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
+package com.example.struts2;
+
+import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionSupport;
+import org.apache.struts2.ServletActionContext;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.UUID;
+
+/**
+ * 文件上传Action - 演示Struts2文件上传功能
+ * 
+ * 学习点：
+ * - 文件上传配置
+ * - 多文件上传
+ * - 文件类型和大小限制
+ */
+public class FileUploadAction extends ActionSupport {
+    
+    // 单文件上传字段
+    private File upload;
+    private String uploadFileName;
+    private String uploadContentType;
+    private String description;
+    
+    // 多文件上传字段
+    private File[] uploads;
+    private String[] uploadsFileName;
+    private String[] uploadsContentType;
+    
+    // 上传结果
+    private Map<String, Object> uploadResult;
+    private String uploadedFilePath;
+    
+    // 上传目录
+    private static final String UPLOAD_DIR = "/tmp/struts2-uploads/";
+    
+    /**
+     * 显示上传页面
+     */
+    public String execute() {
+        return SUCCESS;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 处理单文件上传
+     */
+    public String uploadSingle() {
+        uploadResult = new HashMap<>();
+        
+        if (upload == null) {
+            uploadResult.put("success", false);
+            uploadResult.put("error", "请选择要上传的文件");
+            return SUCCESS;
+        }
+        
+        try {
+            // 创建上传目录
+            File dir = new File(UPLOAD_DIR);
+            if (!dir.exists()) {
+                dir.mkdirs();
+            }
+            
+            // 生成唯一文件名
+            String uniqueFileName = UUID.randomUUID().toString() + "_" + uploadFileName;
+            File destFile = new File(dir, uniqueFileName);
+            
+            // 保存文件
+            copyFile(upload, destFile);
+            
+            uploadedFilePath = destFile.getAbsolutePath();
+            
+            uploadResult.put("success", true);
+            uploadResult.put("message", "文件上传成功");
+            uploadResult.put("originalName", uploadFileName);
+            uploadResult.put("savedName", uniqueFileName);
+            uploadResult.put("fileSize", upload.length());
+            uploadResult.put("contentType", uploadContentType);
+            uploadResult.put("filePath", uploadedFilePath);
+            uploadResult.put("description", description);
+            
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            uploadResult.put("success", false);
+            uploadResult.put("error", "上传失败: " + e.getMessage());
+        }
+        
+        return SUCCESS;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 处理多文件上传
+     */
+    public String uploadMultiple() {
+        uploadResult = new HashMap<>();
+        
+        if (uploads == null || uploads.length == 0) {
+            uploadResult.put("success", false);
+            uploadResult.put("error", "请选择要上传的文件");
+            return SUCCESS;
+        }
+        
+        Map<String, Object>[] files = new HashMap[uploads.length];
+        int successCount = 0;
+        
+        try {
+            File dir = new File(UPLOAD_DIR);
+            if (!dir.exists()) {
+                dir.mkdirs();
+            }
+            
+            for (int i = 0; i < uploads.length; i++) {
+                Map<String, Object> fileInfo = new HashMap<>();
+                
+                if (uploads[i] != null) {
+                    String uniqueFileName = UUID.randomUUID().toString() + "_" + uploadsFileName[i];
+                    File destFile = new File(dir, uniqueFileName);
+                    
+                    copyFile(uploads[i], destFile);
+                    
+                    fileInfo.put("originalName", uploadsFileName[i]);
+                    fileInfo.put("savedName", uniqueFileName);
+                    fileInfo.put("fileSize", uploads[i].length());
+                    fileInfo.put("contentType", uploadsContentType[i]);
+                    fileInfo.put("success", true);
+                    successCount++;
+                } else {
+                    fileInfo.put("success", false);
+                    fileInfo.put("error", "文件为空");
+                }
+                
+                files[i] = fileInfo;
+            }
+            
+            uploadResult.put("success", true);
+            uploadResult.put("message", "成功上传 " + successCount + " 个文件");
+            uploadResult.put("totalFiles", uploads.length);
+            uploadResult.put("successCount", successCount);
+            uploadResult.put("files", files);
+            
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            uploadResult.put("success", false);
+            uploadResult.put("error", "上传失败: " + e.getMessage());
+        }
+        
+        return SUCCESS;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 文件复制辅助方法
+     */
+    private void copyFile(File src, File dest) throws IOException {
+        try (FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(src);
+             FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(dest)) {
+            byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
+            int length;
+            while ((length = fis.read(buffer)) > 0) {
+                fos.write(buffer, 0, length);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public void validate() {
+        // 可以在这里添加文件大小和类型的验证
+        if (upload != null) {
+            // 限制文件大小为10MB
+            if (upload.length() > 10 * 1024 * 1024) {
+                addFieldError("upload", "文件大小不能超过10MB");
+            }
+            
+            // 限制文件类型
+            String[] allowedTypes = {"image/jpeg", "image/png", "image/gif", "application/pdf", "text/plain"};
+            boolean allowed = false;
+            for (String type : allowedTypes) {
+                if (type.equals(uploadContentType)) {
+                    allowed = true;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            if (!allowed) {
+                addFieldError("upload", "不支持的文件类型: " + uploadContentType);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+    // Getters and Setters
+    public File getUpload() { return upload; }
+    public void setUpload(File upload) { this.upload = upload; }
+    
+    public String getUploadFileName() { return uploadFileName; }
+    public void setUploadFileName(String uploadFileName) { this.uploadFileName = uploadFileName; }
+    
+    public String getUploadContentType() { return uploadContentType; }
+    public void setUploadContentType(String uploadContentType) { this.uploadContentType = uploadContentType; }
+    
+    public String getDescription() { return description; }
+    public void setDescription(String description) { this.description = description; }
+    
+    public File[] getUploads() { return uploads; }
+    public void setUploads(File[] uploads) { this.uploads = uploads; }
+    
+    public String[] getUploadsFileName() { return uploadsFileName; }
+    public void setUploadsFileName(String[] uploadsFileName) { this.uploadsFileName = uploadsFileName; }
+    
+    public String[] getUploadsContentType() { return uploadsContentType; }
+    public void setUploadsContentType(String[] uploadsContentType) { this.uploadsContentType = uploadsContentType; }
+    
+    public Map<String, Object> getUploadResult() { return uploadResult; }
+    public void setUploadResult(Map<String, Object> uploadResult) { this.uploadResult = uploadResult; }
+    
+    public String getUploadedFilePath() { return uploadedFilePath; }
+    public void setUploadedFilePath(String uploadedFilePath) { this.uploadedFilePath = uploadedFilePath; }
+}

src/main/java/com/example/struts2/OgnlVisualAction.java

@@ -0,0 +1,299 @@
+package com.example.struts2;
+
+import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionSupport;
+import org.apache.struts2.ServletActionContext;
+import com.google.gson.Gson;
+import ognl.Ognl;
+import ognl.OgnlContext;
+import ognl.OgnlException;
+import java.io.PrintWriter;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.*;
+
+/**
+ * OGNL可视化Action - 交互式学习OGNL表达式
+ * 
+ * 学习点：
+ * - OGNL语法和表达式
+ * - 值栈访问机制
+ * - 集合操作和投影
+ */
+public class OgnlVisualAction extends ActionSupport {
+    
+    private static final Gson gson = new Gson();
+    private String expression;
+    private Object result;
+    private String error;
+    
+    // 测试数据
+    private User user;
+    private List<User> users;
+    private Map<String, Object> context;
+    
+    public OgnlVisualAction() {
+        // 初始化测试数据
+        user = new User(1L, "张三", "zhangsan@example.com", 25, 
+            new Address("北京", "朝阳区", "100000"));
+        
+        users = Arrays.asList(
+            new User(1L, "张三", "zhangsan@example.com", 25, new Address("北京", "朝阳区", "100000")),
+            new User(2L, "李四", "lisi@example.com", 30, new Address("上海", "浦东新区", "200000")),
+            new User(3L, "王五", "wangwu@example.com", 28, new Address("广州", "天河区", "510000")),
+            new User(4L, "赵六", "zhaoliu@example.com", 35, new Address("深圳", "南山区", "518000"))
+        );
+        
+        context = new HashMap<>();
+        context.put("sessionUser", user);
+        context.put("appName", "Struts2学习平台");
+        context.put("version", "1.0.0");
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 显示OGNL可视化页面
+     */
+    public String execute() {
+        return SUCCESS;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 执行OGNL表达式（AJAX）
+     */
+    public String executeExpression() {
+        Map<String, Object> response = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+        
+        try {
+            // 创建OGNL上下文
+            OgnlContext ognlContext = new OgnlContext();
+            ognlContext.setRoot(user);
+            ognlContext.putAll(context);
+            
+            // 解析并执行表达式
+            Object expr = Ognl.parseExpression(expression);
+            Object value = Ognl.getValue(expr, ognlContext, user);
+            
+            response.put("success", true);
+            response.put("expression", expression);
+            response.put("result", value);
+            response.put("resultType", value != null ? value.getClass().getSimpleName() : "null");
+            
+        } catch (OgnlException e) {
+            response.put("success", false);
+            response.put("expression", expression);
+            response.put("error", e.getMessage());
+        }
+        
+        writeJsonResponse(response);
+        return NONE;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 获取OGNL示例（AJAX）
+     */
+    public String getExamples() {
+        Map<String, Object> result = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+        List<Map<String, Object>> examples = new ArrayList<>();
+        
+        // 基础表达式
+        addExample(examples, "基础属性访问", "user.name", 
+            "访问user对象的name属性", "张三");
+        addExample(examples, "链式属性访问", "user.address.city", 
+            "访问嵌套对象的属性", "北京");
+        addExample(examples, "方法调用", "user.getName()", 
+            "调用getter方法", "张三");
+        addExample(examples, "静态方法", "@java.lang.Math@random()", 
+            "调用静态方法", "随机数");
+        
+        // 集合操作
+        addExample(examples, "集合大小", "users.size()", 
+            "获取集合大小", "4");
+        addExample(examples, "集合过滤", "users.{? #this.age > 25}", 
+            "过滤年龄大于25的用户", "[李四, 王五, 赵六]");
+        addExample(examples, "集合投影", "users.{name}", 
+            "提取所有用户的姓名", "[张三, 李四, 王五, 赵六]");
+        addExample(examples, "集合选择", "users.{^ #this.age > 25}", 
+            "选择第一个符合条件的元素", "李四");
+        addExample(examples, "集合选择", "users.{$ #this.age > 25}", 
+            "选择最后一个符合条件的元素", "赵六");
+        
+        // 上下文访问
+        addExample(examples, "上下文变量", "#sessionUser.name", 
+            "访问上下文中的sessionUser", "张三");
+        addExample(examples, "根对象", "#root", 
+            "访问根对象", "User对象");
+        addExample(examples, "this引用", "users.{#this.name}", 
+            "在投影中使用this引用", "[张三, 李四, 王五, 赵六]");
+        
+        // 高级操作
+        addExample(examples, "创建集合", "{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}", 
+            "创建List集合", "[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]");
+        addExample(examples, "创建Map", "#{'name':'张三', 'age':25}", 
+            "创建Map对象", "{name=张三, age=25}");
+        addExample(examples, "投影+过滤", "users.{? #this.age > 25}.{name}", 
+            "先过滤再投影", "[李四, 王五, 赵六]");
+        addExample(examples, "Lambda表达式", "users.stream().filter(u -> u.age > 25).count()", 
+            "使用Stream API", "3");
+        
+        result.put("examples", examples);
+        result.put("totalExamples", examples.size());
+        
+        writeJsonResponse(result);
+        return NONE;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 获取测试数据（AJAX）
+     */
+    public String getTestData() {
+        Map<String, Object> result = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+        
+        result.put("user", user);
+        result.put("users", users);
+        result.put("context", context);
+        
+        writeJsonResponse(result);
+        return NONE;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 获取OGNL语法树（AJAX）
+     */
+    public String getSyntaxTree() {
+        Map<String, Object> result = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+        List<Map<String, Object>> nodes = new ArrayList<>();
+        
+        // 根节点
+        Map<String, Object> root = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+        root.put("id", "root");
+        root.put("name", "OGNL表达式");
+        root.put("type", "root");
+        root.put("children", Arrays.asList(
+            createNode("property", "属性访问", "user.name, user.age"),
+            createNode("method", "方法调用", "user.getName(), users.size()"),
+            createNode("collection", "集合操作", "users.{name}, users.{? #this.age > 25}"),
+            createNode("context", "上下文访问", "#sessionUser, #root"),
+            createNode("static", "静态访问", "@java.lang.Math@PI"),
+            createNode("constructor", "构造创建", "new com.example.User(), {1,2,3}")
+        ));
+        nodes.add(root);
+        
+        result.put("nodes", nodes);
+        result.put("description", "OGNL表达式语法树结构");
+        
+        writeJsonResponse(result);
+        return NONE;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 辅助方法：创建节点
+     */
+    private Map<String, Object> createNode(String id, String name, String example) {
+        Map<String, Object> node = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+        node.put("id", id);
+        node.put("name", name);
+        node.put("example", example);
+        return node;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 辅助方法：添加示例
+     */
+    private void addExample(List<Map<String, Object>> examples, String category, 
+            String expression, String description, String result) {
+        Map<String, Object> example = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+        example.put("category", category);
+        example.put("expression", expression);
+        example.put("description", description);
+        example.put("expectedResult", result);
+        examples.add(example);
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 辅助方法：写入JSON响应
+     */
+    private void writeJsonResponse(Map<String, Object> data) {
+        try {
+            ServletActionContext.getResponse().setContentType("application/json;charset=UTF-8");
+            PrintWriter out = ServletActionContext.getResponse().getWriter();
+            out.print(gson.toJson(data));
+            out.flush();
+            out.close();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+    }
+    
+    // Getters and Setters
+    public String getExpression() { return expression; }
+    public void setExpression(String expression) { this.expression = expression; }
+    
+    public Object getResult() { return result; }
+    public void setResult(Object result) { this.result = result; }
+    
+    public String getError() { return error; }
+    public void setError(String error) { this.error = error; }
+    
+    public User getUser() { return user; }
+    public void setUser(User user) { this.user = user; }
+    
+    public List<User> getUsers() { return users; }
+    public void setUsers(List<User> users) { this.users = users; }
+    
+    public Map<String, Object> getContext() { return context; }
+    public void setContext(Map<String, Object> context) { this.context = context; }
+    
+    /**
+     * 内部类：用户实体
+     */
+    public static class User {
+        private Long id;
+        private String name;
+        private String email;
+        private Integer age;
+        private Address address;
+        
+        public User() {}
+        
+        public User(Long id, String name, String email, Integer age, Address address) {
+            this.id = id;
+            this.name = name;
+            this.email = email;
+            this.age = age;
+            this.address = address;
+        }
+        
+        public Long getId() { return id; }
+        public void setId(Long id) { this.id = id; }
+        public String getName() { return name; }
+        public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; }
+        public String getEmail() { return email; }
+        public void setEmail(String email) { this.email = email; }
+        public Integer getAge() { return age; }
+        public void setAge(Integer age) { this.age = age; }
+        public Address getAddress() { return address; }
+        public void setAddress(Address address) { this.address = address; }
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 内部类：地址实体
+     */
+    public static class Address {
+        private String city;
+        private String district;
+        private String zipCode;
+        
+        public Address() {}
+        
+        public Address(String city, String district, String zipCode) {
+            this.city = city;
+            this.district = district;
+            this.zipCode = zipCode;
+        }
+        
+        public String getCity() { return city; }
+        public void setCity(String city) { this.city = city; }
+        public String getDistrict() { return district; }
+        public void setDistrict(String district) { this.district = district; }
+        public String getZipCode() { return zipCode; }
+        public void setZipCode(String zipCode) { this.zipCode = zipCode; }
+    }
+}

src/main/resources/struts.xml

@@ -122,5 +122,83 @@
             <result type="redirectAction">user</result>
         </action>
         
+        <!-- AJAX演示 -->
+        <action name="ajax" class="com.example.struts2.AjaxDemoAction">
+            <result>/ajax-demo.jsp</result>
+        </action>
+        
+        <action name="ajax_checkUsername" class="com.example.struts2.AjaxDemoAction" method="checkUsername">
+            <result type="json"/>
+        </action>
+        
+        <action name="ajax_getStats" class="com.example.struts2.AjaxDemoAction" method="getStats">
+            <result type="json"/>
+        </action>
+        
+        <action name="ajax_saveUser" class="com.example.struts2.AjaxDemoAction" method="saveUser">
+            <result type="json"/>
+        </action>
+        
+        <action name="ajax_getRealtimeData" class="com.example.struts2.AjaxDemoAction" method="getRealtimeData">
+            <result type="json"/>
+        </action>
+        
+        <!-- 文件上传 -->
+        <action name="upload" class="com.example.struts2.FileUploadAction">
+            <result>/file-upload.jsp</result>
+        </action>
+        
+        <action name="uploadSingle" class="com.example.struts2.FileUploadAction" method="uploadSingle">
+            <result>/file-upload.jsp</result>
+            <result name="input">/file-upload.jsp</result>
+        </action>
+        
+        <action name="uploadMultiple" class="com.example.struts2.FileUploadAction" method="uploadMultiple">
+            <result>/file-upload.jsp</result>
+            <result name="input">/file-upload.jsp</result>
+        </action>
+        
+        <!-- 类加载可视化 -->
+        <action name="classloader" class="com.example.struts2.ClassLoaderAction">
+            <result>/classloader-visual.jsp</result>
+        </action>
+        
+        <action name="classloader_getHierarchy" class="com.example.struts2.ClassLoaderAction" method="getClassLoaderHierarchy">
+            <result type="json"/>
+        </action>
+        
+        <action name="classloader_getLoadedClasses" class="com.example.struts2.ClassLoaderAction" method="getLoadedClasses">
+            <result type="json"/>
+        </action>
+        
+        <action name="classloader_simulate" class="com.example.struts2.ClassLoaderAction" method="simulateClassLoading">
+            <result type="json"/>
+        </action>
+        
+        <action name="classloader_getStrutsClasses" class="com.example.struts2.ClassLoaderAction" method="getStrutsClassesInfo">
+            <result type="json"/>
+        </action>
+        
+        <!-- Action生命周期可视化 -->
+        <action name="lifecycle" class="com.example.struts2.ActionLifecycleAction">
+            <result>/lifecycle-visual.jsp</result>
+        </action>
+        
+        <action name="lifecycle_getLifecycle" class="com.example.struts2.ActionLifecycleAction" method="getLifecycle">
+            <result type="json"/>
+        </action>
+        
+        <action name="lifecycle_getInterceptorChain" class="com.example.struts2.ActionLifecycleAction" method="getInterceptorChain">
+            <result type="json"/>
+        </action>
+        
+        <action name="lifecycle_simulate" class="com.example.struts2.ActionLifecycleAction" method="simulateRequest">
+            <result type="json"/>
+        </action>
+        
+        <action name="lifecycle_getValueStack" class="com.example.struts2.ActionLifecycleAction" method="getValueStack">
+            <result type="json"/>
+        </action>
+        
     </package>
 </struts>

src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/web.xml

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<web-app xmlns="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee"
+         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
+         xsi:schemaLocation="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee 
+                             http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_4_0.xsd"
+         version="4.0">
+    
+    <display-name>Struts2 Scaffold</display-name>
+    
+    <!-- Struts2 核心过滤器 -->
+    <filter>
+        <filter-name>struts2</filter-name>
+        <filter-class>org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.filter.StrutsPrepareAndExecuteFilter</filter-class>
+    </filter>
+    
+    <filter-mapping>
+        <filter-name>struts2</filter-name>
+        <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
+    </filter-mapping>
+    
+    <!-- 欢迎页 -->
+    <welcome-file-list>
+        <welcome-file>index.jsp</welcome-file>
+    </welcome-file-list>
+    
+</web-app>

src/main/webapp/ajax-demo.jsp

@@ -0,0 +1,321 @@
+<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
+<%@ taglib prefix="s" uri="/struts-tags" %>
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+    <meta charset="UTF-8">
+    <title>AJAX演示 - Struts2异步交互</title>
+    <style>
+        * { margin: 0; padding: 0; box-sizing: border-box; }
+        body { font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, sans-serif; background: #f5f7fa; padding: 20px; }
+        .container { max-width: 1200px; margin: 0 auto; }
+        
+        .header { background: linear-gradient(135deg, #667eea 0%, #764ba2 100%); color: white; padding: 30px; border-radius: 15px; margin-bottom: 30px; text-align: center; }
+        .header h1 { font-size: 2em; margin-bottom: 10px; }
+        
+        .grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(350px, 1fr)); gap: 20px; margin-bottom: 30px; }
+        
+        .card { background: white; border-radius: 12px; padding: 25px; box-shadow: 0 4px 20px rgba(0,0,0,0.08); }
+        .card h3 { color: #333; margin-bottom: 15px; border-bottom: 2px solid #eee; padding-bottom: 10px; }
+        
+        .form-group { margin-bottom: 15px; }
+        .form-group label { display: block; margin-bottom: 5px; color: #555; font-weight: 500; }
+        .form-group input { width: 100%; padding: 10px 12px; border: 1px solid #ddd; border-radius: 6px; font-size: 14px; transition: border-color 0.3s; }
+        .form-group input:focus { outline: none; border-color: #667eea; }
+        
+        .btn { padding: 10px 20px; border: none; border-radius: 6px; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14px; transition: all 0.3s; }
+        .btn-primary { background: #667eea; color: white; }
+        .btn-primary:hover { background: #5a6fd6; }
+        .btn-success { background: #27ae60; color: white; }
+        .btn-success:hover { background: #219a52; }
+        .btn-info { background: #3498db; color: white; }
+        .btn-info:hover { background: #2980b9; }
+        
+        .result { background: #1e1e1e; color: #d4d4d4; padding: 15px; border-radius: 8px; margin-top: 15px; font-family: 'Monaco', 'Menlo', monospace; font-size: 13px; overflow-x: auto; max-height: 300px; overflow-y: auto; display: none; }
+        .result.show { display: block; }
+        .result.success { border-left: 4px solid #27ae60; }
+        .result.error { border-left: 4px solid #e74c3c; }
+        
+        .status { padding: 10px 15px; border-radius: 6px; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 14px; display: none; }
+        .status.show { display: block; }
+        .status.success { background: #d4edda; color: #155724; }
+        .status.error { background: #f8d7da; color: #721c24; }
+        .status.loading { background: #d1ecf1; color: #0c5460; }
+        
+        .stats-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(120px, 1fr)); gap: 10px; margin-top: 15px; }
+        .stat-item { background: #f8f9fa; padding: 15px; border-radius: 8px; text-align: center; }
+        .stat-item .value { font-size: 24px; font-weight: bold; color: #667eea; }
+        .stat-item .label { font-size: 12px; color: #666; margin-top: 5px; }
+        
+        .realtime-data { background: #f8f9fa; padding: 15px; border-radius: 8px; margin-top: 15px; }
+        .realtime-data .item { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; padding: 8px 0; border-bottom: 1px solid #e0e0e0; }
+        .realtime-data .item:last-child { border-bottom: none; }
+        .realtime-data .label { color: #666; }
+        .realtime-data .value { font-weight: 500; color: #333; }
+        
+        .lab { background: #fff7e6; border-left: 4px solid #fa8c16; padding: 15px; border-radius: 8px; margin-bottom: 20px; }
+        .lab strong { color: #874d00; }
+        
+        code { background: #f0f0f0; padding: 2px 6px; border-radius: 4px; font-size: 13px; }
+        
+        .nav { display: flex; gap: 10px; margin-bottom: 20px; flex-wrap: wrap; }
+        .nav a { padding: 10px 20px; background: white; border-radius: 20px; text-decoration: none; color: #333; font-size: 0.9em; box-shadow: 0 2px 5px rgba(0,0,0,0.1); }
+        .nav a:hover { background: #667eea; color: white; }
+    </style>
+</head>
+<body>
+    <div class="container">
+        <div class="header">
+            <h1>🚀 AJAX演示 - Struts2异步交互</h1>
+            <p>学习Struts2如何处理AJAX请求并返回JSON数据</p>
+        </div>
+        
+        <div class="nav">
+            <a href="index.jsp">← 返回首页</a>
+            <a href="learn">学习中心</a>
+            <a href="user">用户管理</a>
+        </div>
+        
+        <div class="lab">
+            <strong>🧪 实验任务</strong>
+            <ul>
+                <li>在"用户名检查"中输入"admin"或"root"，观察AJAX实时验证</li>
+                <li>点击"获取统计数据"，查看后端返回的JSON数据</li>
+                <li>使用"AJAX表单提交"，体验无刷新表单提交</li>
+                <li>观察"实时数据"面板，了解如何定时获取服务器数据</li>
+            </ul>
+        </div>
+        
+        <div class="grid">
+            <!-- 用户名实时检查 -->
+            <div class="card">
+                <h3>👤 用户名实时检查</h3>
+                <div class="form-group">
+                    <label>输入用户名（试试 admin 或 root）:</label>
+                    <input type="text" id="checkUsername" placeholder="输入用户名" onblur="checkUsername()">
+                </div>
+                <div id="usernameStatus" class="status"></div>
+                <div id="usernameResult" class="result"></div>
+            </div>
+            
+            <!-- 获取统计数据 -->
+            <div class="card">
+                <h3>📊 获取统计数据</h3>
+                <button class="btn btn-info" onclick="getStats()">获取统计数据</button>
+                <div id="statsContainer" style="margin-top: 15px;"></div>
+                <div id="statsResult" class="result"></div>
+            </div>
+            
+            <!-- AJAX表单提交 -->
+            <div class="card">
+                <h3>📝 AJAX表单提交</h3>
+                <div class="form-group">
+                    <label>用户名:</label>
+                    <input type="text" id="ajaxUsername" placeholder="请输入用户名">
+                </div>
+                <div class="form-group">
+                    <label>邮箱:</label>
+                    <input type="email" id="ajaxEmail" placeholder="请输入邮箱">
+                </div>
+                <div class="form-group">
+                    <label>年龄:</label>
+                    <input type="number" id="ajaxAge" placeholder="请输入年龄">
+                </div>
+                <button class="btn btn-success" onclick="submitAjaxForm()">AJAX提交</button>
+                <div id="ajaxFormStatus" class="status"></div>
+                <div id="ajaxFormResult" class="result"></div>
+            </div>
+            
+            <!-- 实时数据 -->
+            <div class="card">
+                <h3>⏱️ 实时数据监控</h3>
+                <button class="btn btn-primary" onclick="startRealtime()">开始监控</button>
+                <button class="btn" onclick="stopRealtime()" style="margin-left: 10px; background: #95a5a6; color: white;">停止监控</button>
+                <div id="realtimeContainer" class="realtime-data" style="display: none;">
+                    <div class="item">
+                        <span class="label">服务器时间:</span>
+                        <span class="value" id="serverTime">--</span>
+                    </div>
+                    <div class="item">
+                        <span class="label">每秒请求数:</span>
+                        <span class="value" id="requestsPerSecond">--</span>
+                    </div>
+                    <div class="item">
+                        <span class="label">内存使用:</span>
+                        <span class="value" id="memoryUsage">--</span>
+                    </div>
+                    <div class="item">
+                        <span class="label">活跃会话:</span>
+                        <span class="value" id="activeSessions">--</span>
+                    </div>
+                </div>
+                <div id="realtimeResult" class="result"></div>
+            </div>
+        </div>
+        
+        <div class="card">
+            <h3>📚 学习要点</h3>
+            <ul>
+                <li><strong>返回JSON:</strong> Action中通过 <code>ServletActionContext.getResponse().getWriter()</code> 直接输出JSON</li>
+                <li><strong>不返回result:</strong> AJAX Action返回 <code>NONE</code>，不经过视图层</li>
+                <li><strong>异步验证:</strong> 使用 <code>onblur</code> 事件触发AJAX验证，提升用户体验</li>
+                <li><strong>定时刷新:</strong> 使用 <code>setInterval</code> 实现实时数据监控</li>
+                <li><strong>Fetch API:</strong> 现代浏览器推荐使用 <code>fetch</code> 替代 <code>XMLHttpRequest</code></li>
+            </ul>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+    
+    <script>
+        let realtimeInterval = null;
+        
+        // 显示状态
+        function showStatus(elementId, message, type) {
+            const statusEl = document.getElementById(elementId);
+            statusEl.textContent = message;
+            statusEl.className = 'status show ' + type;
+        }
+        
+        // 显示结果
+        function showResult(elementId, data, isSuccess) {
+            const resultEl = document.getElementById(elementId);
+            resultEl.textContent = JSON.stringify(data, null, 2);
+            resultEl.className = 'result show ' + (isSuccess ? 'success' : 'error');
+        }
+        
+        // 检查用户名
+        async function checkUsername() {
+            const username = document.getElementById('checkUsername').value.trim();
+            if (!username) return;
+            
+            showStatus('usernameStatus', '检查中...', 'loading');
+            
+            try {
+                const response = await fetch('ajax_checkUsername?username=' + encodeURIComponent(username));
+                const data = await response.json();
+                
+                showResult('usernameResult', data, data.available);
+                
+                if (data.available) {
+                    showStatus('usernameStatus', '✓ ' + data.message, 'success');
+                } else {
+                    showStatus('usernameStatus', '✗ ' + data.message, 'error');
+                }
+            } catch (error) {
+                showStatus('usernameStatus', '请求失败: ' + error.message, 'error');
+            }
+        }
+        
+        // 获取统计数据
+        async function getStats() {
+            showStatus('statsContainer', '加载中...', 'loading');
+            
+            try {
+                const response = await fetch('ajax_getStats');
+                const data = await response.json();
+                
+                // 显示统计卡片
+                const statsHtml = `
+                    <div class="stats-grid">
+                        <div class="stat-item">
+                            <div class="value">${data.totalUsers}</div>
+                            <div class="label">总用户数</div>
+                        </div>
+                        <div class="stat-item">
+                            <div class="value">${data.activeUsers}</div>
+                            <div class="label">活跃用户</div>
+                        </div>
+                        <div class="stat-item">
+                            <div class="value">${data.newUsersToday}</div>
+                            <div class="label">今日新增</div>
+                        </div>
+                    </div>
+                `;
+                document.getElementById('statsContainer').innerHTML = statsHtml;
+                
+                showResult('statsResult', data, true);
+            } catch (error) {
+                showStatus('statsContainer', '请求失败: ' + error.message, 'error');
+            }
+        }
+        
+        // AJAX表单提交
+        async function submitAjaxForm() {
+            const username = document.getElementById('ajaxUsername').value.trim();
+            const email = document.getElementById('ajaxEmail').value.trim();
+            const age = document.getElementById('ajaxAge').value;
+            
+            if (!username || !email) {
+                showStatus('ajaxFormStatus', '请填写完整信息', 'error');
+                return;
+            }
+            
+            showStatus('ajaxFormStatus', '提交中...', 'loading');
+            
+            try {
+                const params = new URLSearchParams();
+                params.append('username', username);
+                params.append('email', email);
+                if (age) params.append('age', age);
+                
+                const response = await fetch('ajax_saveUser', {
+                    method: 'POST',
+                    headers: {
+                        'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
+                    },
+                    body: params.toString()
+                });
+                
+                const data = await response.json();
+                showResult('ajaxFormResult', data, data.success);
+                
+                if (data.success) {
+                    showStatus('ajaxFormStatus', '✓ ' + data.message, 'success');
+                    // 清空表单
+                    document.getElementById('ajaxUsername').value = '';
+                    document.getElementById('ajaxEmail').value = '';
+                    document.getElementById('ajaxAge').value = '';
+                } else {
+                    showStatus('ajaxFormStatus', '✗ ' + (data.error || '保存失败'), 'error');
+                }
+            } catch (error) {
+                showStatus('ajaxFormStatus', '请求失败: ' + error.message, 'error');
+            }
+        }
+        
+        // 开始实时监控
+        async function startRealtime() {
+            if (realtimeInterval) return;
+            
+            document.getElementById('realtimeContainer').style.display = 'block';
+            
+            async function fetchRealtime() {
+                try {
+                    const response = await fetch('ajax_getRealtimeData');
+                    const data = await response.json();
+                    
+                    document.getElementById('serverTime').textContent = data.serverTime;
+                    document.getElementById('requestsPerSecond').textContent = data.requestsPerSecond.toFixed(2);
+                    document.getElementById('memoryUsage').textContent = data.memoryUsage.toFixed(2) + ' MB';
+                    document.getElementById('activeSessions').textContent = data.activeSessions;
+                    
+                    showResult('realtimeResult', data, true);
+                } catch (error) {
+                    console.error('获取实时数据失败:', error);
+                }
+            }
+            
+            fetchRealtime(); // 立即执行一次
+            realtimeInterval = setInterval(fetchRealtime, 3000); // 每3秒刷新
+        }
+        
+        // 停止实时监控
+        function stopRealtime() {
+            if (realtimeInterval) {
+                clearInterval(realtimeInterval);
+                realtimeInterval = null;
+            }
+            document.getElementById('realtimeContainer').style.display = 'none';
+        }
+    </script>
+</body>
+</html>

src/main/webapp/classloader-visual.jsp

@@ -0,0 +1,406 @@
+<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
+<%@ taglib prefix="s" uri="/struts-tags" %>
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+    <meta charset="UTF-8">
+    <title>类加载可视化 - JVM类加载机制</title>
+    <style>
+        * { margin: 0; padding: 0; box-sizing: border-box; }
+        body { font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, sans-serif; background: #f5f7fa; padding: 20px; }
+        .container { max-width: 1400px; margin: 0 auto; }
+        
+        .header { background: linear-gradient(135deg, #667eea 0%, #764ba2 100%); color: white; padding: 30px; border-radius: 15px; margin-bottom: 30px; text-align: center; }
+        .header h1 { font-size: 2em; margin-bottom: 10px; }
+        
+        .grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(400px, 1fr)); gap: 20px; margin-bottom: 30px; }
+        
+        .card { background: white; border-radius: 12px; padding: 25px; box-shadow: 0 4px 20px rgba(0,0,0,0.08); }
+        .card h3 { color: #333; margin-bottom: 15px; border-bottom: 2px solid #eee; padding-bottom: 10px; }
+        
+        /* 类加载器层次结构 */
+        .classloader-hierarchy { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 15px; }
+        .classloader-item { 
+            background: linear-gradient(135deg, #f5f7fa 0%, #e4e7f1 100%); 
+            border-radius: 10px; 
+            padding: 20px; 
+            border-left: 5px solid #667eea;
+            position: relative;
+            transition: all 0.3s;
+        }
+        .classloader-item:hover { transform: translateX(5px); box-shadow: 0 4px 15px rgba(102, 126, 234, 0.2); }
+        .classloader-item.bootstrap { border-left-color: #e74c3c; }
+        .classloader-item.extension { border-left-color: #f39c12; }
+        .classloader-item.application { border-left-color: #27ae60; }
+        .classloader-item.webapp { border-left-color: #3498db; }
+        
+        .classloader-item::after {
+            content: '▼';
+            position: absolute;
+            bottom: -20px;
+            left: 50%;
+            transform: translateX(-50%);
+            color: #999;
+            font-size: 12px;
+        }
+        .classloader-item:last-child::after { display: none; }
+        
+        .classloader-name { font-weight: bold; font-size: 16px; color: #333; margin-bottom: 5px; }
+        .classloader-type { display: inline-block; padding: 3px 10px; border-radius: 15px; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 8px; }
+        .classloader-type.bootstrap { background: #ffeaea; color: #c0392b; }
+        .classloader-type.extension { background: #fef5e7; color: #d68910; }
+        .classloader-type.application { background: #eafaf1; color: #27ae60; }
+        .classloader-type.webapp { background: #ebf5fb; color: #2980b9; }
+        
+        .classloader-desc { font-size: 13px; color: #666; margin-bottom: 8px; }
+        .classloader-info { font-size: 12px; color: #999; }
+        
+        /* 类加载步骤 */
+        .loading-steps { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 10px; }
+        .step-item { 
+            display: flex; 
+            align-items: center; 
+            padding: 15px; 
+            background: #f8f9fa; 
+            border-radius: 8px;
+            cursor: pointer;
+            transition: all 0.3s;
+            border: 2px solid transparent;
+        }
+        .step-item:hover { background: #e8f4f8; border-color: #3498db; }
+        .step-item.active { background: #d4edda; border-color: #27ae60; }
+        
+        .step-number { 
+            width: 40px; 
+            height: 40px; 
+            border-radius: 50%; 
+            background: linear-gradient(135deg, #667eea 0%, #764ba2 100%);
+            color: white;
+            display: flex;
+            align-items: center;
+            justify-content: center;
+            font-weight: bold;
+            margin-right: 15px;
+            font-size: 18px;
+        }
+        .step-item.active .step-number { background: linear-gradient(135deg, #27ae60 0%, #2ecc71 100%); }
+        
+        .step-content { flex: 1; }
+        .step-name { font-weight: bold; color: #333; margin-bottom: 3px; }
+        .step-desc { font-size: 12px; color: #666; }
+        
+        .step-detail { 
+            display: none; 
+            margin-top: 10px; 
+            padding: 15px; 
+            background: white; 
+            border-radius: 8px;
+            border-left: 4px solid #3498db;
+        }
+        .step-detail.show { display: block; }
+        
+        /* 类列表 */
+        .class-list { max-height: 400px; overflow-y: auto; }
+        .class-item { 
+            padding: 12px; 
+            background: #f8f9fa; 
+            border-radius: 8px; 
+            margin-bottom: 8px;
+            cursor: pointer;
+            transition: all 0.3s;
+        }
+        .class-item:hover { background: #e8f4f8; transform: translateX(5px); }
+        
+        .class-name { font-weight: bold; color: #333; margin-bottom: 3px; }
+        .class-package { font-size: 11px; color: #999; }
+        .class-loader { font-size: 11px; color: #667eea; margin-top: 5px; }
+        
+        /* Struts2模块 */
+        .module-item { 
+            background: #f8f9fa; 
+            border-radius: 10px; 
+            padding: 15px; 
+            margin-bottom: 15px;
+            border-left: 4px solid #667eea;
+        }
+        .module-name { font-weight: bold; color: #333; margin-bottom: 5px; }
+        .module-desc { font-size: 12px; color: #666; margin-bottom: 10px; }
+        .module-classes { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 8px; }
+        .module-class { 
+            background: white; 
+            padding: 5px 10px; 
+            border-radius: 15px; 
+            font-size: 11px;
+            border: 1px solid #ddd;
+            cursor: pointer;
+            transition: all 0.3s;
+        }
+        .module-class:hover { background: #667eea; color: white; border-color: #667eea; }
+        
+        /* 动画 */
+        @keyframes pulse {
+            0%, 100% { transform: scale(1); }
+            50% { transform: scale(1.05); }
+        }
+        .loading { animation: pulse 1.5s infinite; }
+        
+        @keyframes slideIn {
+            from { opacity: 0; transform: translateY(-20px); }
+            to { opacity: 1; transform: translateY(0); }
+        }
+        .animate-in { animation: slideIn 0.5s ease-out; }
+        
+        .btn { padding: 10px 20px; border: none; border-radius: 6px; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14px; transition: all 0.3s; }
+        .btn-primary { background: #667eea; color: white; }
+        .btn-primary:hover { background: #5a6fd6; }
+        
+        .nav { display: flex; gap: 10px; margin-bottom: 20px; flex-wrap: wrap; }
+        .nav a { padding: 10px 20px; background: white; border-radius: 20px; text-decoration: none; color: #333; font-size: 0.9em; box-shadow: 0 2px 5px rgba(0,0,0,0.1); }
+        .nav a:hover { background: #667eea; color: white; }
+        
+        .lab { background: #fff7e6; border-left: 4px solid #fa8c16; padding: 15px; border-radius: 8px; margin-bottom: 20px; }
+        .lab strong { color: #874d00; }
+    </style>
+</head>
+<body>
+    <div class="container">
+        <div class="header">
+            <h1>🔍 类加载可视化</h1>
+            <p>深入理解JVM类加载机制和Struts2框架的类加载过程</p>
+        </div>
+        
+        <div class="nav">
+            <a href="index.jsp">← 返回首页</a>
+            <a href="learn">学习中心</a>
+            <a href="ajax-demo">AJAX演示</a>
+        </div>
+        
+        <div class="lab">
+            <strong>🧪 实验任务</strong>
+            <ul>
+                <li>观察<strong>类加载器层次结构</strong>，理解双亲委派模型</li>
+                <li>点击<strong>类加载步骤</strong>，查看每个阶段的详细说明</li>
+                <li>查看<strong>已加载的类</strong>，了解Struts2核心类的加载信息</li>
+                <li>探索<strong>Struts2模块</strong>，理解框架的模块化设计</li>
+            </ul>
+        </div>
+        
+        <div class="grid">
+            <!-- 类加载器层次结构 -->
+            <div class="card">
+                <h3>🏗️ 类加载器层次结构</h3>
+                <div id="classloaderHierarchy" class="classloader-hierarchy">
+                    <div style="text-align: center; padding: 20px; color: #999;">
+                        加载中...
+                    </div>
+                </div>
+            </div>
+            
+            <!-- 类加载步骤 -->
+            <div class="card">
+                <h3>📋 类加载步骤（点击展开）</h3>
+                <div id="loadingSteps" class="loading-steps">
+                    <div style="text-align: center; padding: 20px; color: #999;">
+                        加载中...
+                    </div>
+                </div>
+            </div>
+            
+            <!-- 已加载的类 -->
+            <div class="card">
+                <h3>📦 已加载的核心类</h3>
+                <div id="loadedClasses" class="class-list">
+                    <div style="text-align: center; padding: 20px; color: #999;">
+                        加载中...
+                    </div>
+                </div>
+            </div>
+            
+            <!-- Struts2模块 -->
+            <div class="card">
+                <h3>🎯 Struts2核心模块</h3>
+                <div id="strutsModules">
+                    <div style="text-align: center; padding: 20px; color: #999;">
+                        加载中...
+                    </div>
+                </div>
+            </div>
+        </div>
+        
+        <div class="card">
+            <h3>📚 学习要点</h3>
+            <ul>
+                <li><strong>类加载器层次:</strong> Bootstrap → Extension → Application → WebApp，形成双亲委派模型</li>
+                <li><strong>双亲委派:</strong> 类加载时先委托父加载器，父加载器无法加载时才自己加载</li>
+                <li><strong>加载过程:</strong> 加载 → 验证 → 准备 → 解析 → 初始化，五个阶段确保类正确加载</li>
+                <li><strong>Struts2类加载:</strong> 框架类由Application加载器加载，应用类由WebApp加载器加载</li>
+                <li><strong>热部署:</strong> WebApp类加载器可以重新加载修改后的类，实现热部署</li>
+            </ul>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+    
+    <script>
+        // 加载类加载器层次结构
+        async function loadClassLoaderHierarchy() {
+            try {
+                const response = await fetch('classloader_getHierarchy');
+                const data = await response.json();
+                
+                const container = document.getElementById('classloaderHierarchy');
+                container.innerHTML = '';
+                
+                data.hierarchy.forEach((item, index) => {
+                    const div = document.createElement('div');
+                    div.className = `classloader-item ${item.type} animate-in`;
+                    div.style.animationDelay = `${index * 0.1}s`;
+                    
+                    div.innerHTML = `
+                        <div class="classloader-type ${item.type}">${item.type.toUpperCase()}</div>
+                        <div class="classloader-name">${item.name}</div>
+                        <div class="classloader-desc">${item.description}</div>
+                        <div class="classloader-info">
+                            ${item.className ? `类: ${item.className}<br>` : ''}
+                            ${item.loadedClasses ? `加载类: ${item.loadedClasses}<br>` : ''}
+                            ${item.parent ? `父加载器: ${item.parent}` : '父加载器: 无（顶层）'}
+                        </div>
+                    `;
+                    
+                    container.appendChild(div);
+                });
+            } catch (error) {
+                document.getElementById('classloaderHierarchy').innerHTML = 
+                    `<div style="color: #e74c3c;">加载失败: ${error.message}</div>`;
+            }
+        }
+        
+        // 加载类加载步骤
+        async function loadLoadingSteps() {
+            try {
+                const response = await fetch('classloader_simulate');
+                const data = await response.json();
+                
+                const container = document.getElementById('loadingSteps');
+                container.innerHTML = '';
+                
+                data.steps.forEach((step, index) => {
+                    const div = document.createElement('div');
+                    div.className = 'step-item animate-in';
+                    div.style.animationDelay = `${index * 0.1}s`;
+                    div.onclick = () => toggleStepDetail(div, step);
+                    
+                    div.innerHTML = `
+                        <div class="step-number">${step.icon || step.step}</div>
+                        <div class="step-content">
+                            <div class="step-name">${step.name}</div>
+                            <div class="step-desc">${step.description}</div>
+                        </div>
+                        <div class="step-detail" id="step-detail-${step.step}">
+                            <strong>执行动作:</strong><br>
+                            ${step.action}<br><br>
+                            <strong>详细说明:</strong><br>
+                            ${step.description}
+                        </div>
+                    `;
+                    
+                    container.appendChild(div);
+                });
+            } catch (error) {
+                document.getElementById('loadingSteps').innerHTML = 
+                    `<div style="color: #e74c3c;">加载失败: ${error.message}</div>`;
+            }
+        }
+        
+        // 切换步骤详情
+        function toggleStepDetail(element, step) {
+            // 移除其他active状态
+            document.querySelectorAll('.step-item').forEach(item => {
+                item.classList.remove('active');
+            });
+            document.querySelectorAll('.step-detail').forEach(detail => {
+                detail.classList.remove('show');
+            });
+            
+            // 添加当前active状态
+            element.classList.add('active');
+            const detail = element.querySelector('.step-detail');
+            detail.classList.add('show');
+        }
+        
+        // 加载已加载的类
+        async function loadLoadedClasses() {
+            try {
+                const response = await fetch('classloader_getLoadedClasses');
+                const data = await response.json();
+                
+                const container = document.getElementById('loadedClasses');
+                container.innerHTML = '';
+                
+                data.classes.forEach((cls, index) => {
+                    const div = document.createElement('div');
+                    div.className = 'class-item animate-in';
+                    div.style.animationDelay = `${index * 0.05}s`;
+                    
+                    div.innerHTML = `
+                        <div class="class-name">${cls.simpleName}</div>
+                        <div class="class-package">${cls.package}</div>
+                        <div class="class-loader">
+                            加载器: ${cls.classLoader} | 
+                            父类: ${cls.superclass} | 
+                            接口: ${cls.interfaces.join(', ') || '无'}
+                        </div>
+                    `;
+                    
+                    div.onclick = () => {
+                        alert(`类名: ${cls.name}\n包: ${cls.package}\n加载器: ${cls.classLoader}\n父类: ${cls.superclass}\n接口: ${cls.interfaces.join(', ') || '无'}`);
+                    };
+                    
+                    container.appendChild(div);
+                });
+            } catch (error) {
+                document.getElementById('loadedClasses').innerHTML = 
+                    `<div style="color: #e74c3c;">加载失败: ${error.message}</div>`;
+            }
+        }
+        
+        // 加载Struts2模块
+        async function loadStrutsModules() {
+            try {
+                const response = await fetch('classloader_getStrutsClasses');
+                const data = await response.json();
+                
+                const container = document.getElementById('strutsModules');
+                container.innerHTML = '';
+                
+                data.modules.forEach((module, index) => {
+                    const div = document.createElement('div');
+                    div.className = 'module-item animate-in';
+                    div.style.animationDelay = `${index * 0.1}s`;
+                    
+                    const classesHtml = module.classes.map(cls => 
+                        `<span class="module-class" title="${cls.package}.${cls.name}">${cls.name}</span>`
+                    ).join('');
+                    
+                    div.innerHTML = `
+                        <div class="module-name">${module.name}</div>
+                        <div class="module-desc">${module.description}</div>
+                        <div class="module-classes">${classesHtml}</div>
+                    `;
+                    
+                    container.appendChild(div);
+                });
+            } catch (error) {
+                document.getElementById('strutsModules').innerHTML = 
+                    `<div style="color: #e74c3c;">加载失败: ${error.message}</div>`;
+            }
+        }
+        
+        // 页面加载时初始化
+        window.onload = function() {
+            loadClassLoaderHierarchy();
+            loadLoadingSteps();
+            loadLoadedClasses();
+            loadStrutsModules();
+        };
+    </script>
+</body>
+</html>

src/main/webapp/file-upload.jsp

@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
+<%@ taglib prefix="s" uri="/struts-tags" %>
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+    <meta charset="UTF-8">
+    <title>文件上传 - Struts2</title>
+    <style>
+        * { margin: 0; padding: 0; box-sizing: border-box; }
+        body { font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, sans-serif; background: #f5f7fa; padding: 20px; }
+        .container { max-width: 1000px; margin: 0 auto; }
+        
+        .header { background: linear-gradient(135deg, #667eea 0%, #764ba2 100%); color: white; padding: 30px; border-radius: 15px; margin-bottom: 30px; text-align: center; }
+        .header h1 { font-size: 2em; margin-bottom: 10px; }
+        
+        .card { background: white; border-radius: 12px; padding: 25px; margin-bottom: 20px; box-shadow: 0 4px 20px rgba(0,0,0,0.08); }
+        .card h3 { color: #333; margin-bottom: 15px; border-bottom: 2px solid #eee; padding-bottom: 10px; }
+        
+        .form-group { margin-bottom: 20px; }
+        .form-group label { display: block; margin-bottom: 8px; color: #555; font-weight: 500; }
+        .form-group input[type="text"] { width: 100%; padding: 10px 12px; border: 1px solid #ddd; border-radius: 6px; font-size: 14px; }
+        .form-group input[type="file"] { padding: 10px; border: 2px dashed #ddd; border-radius: 6px; width: 100%; cursor: pointer; }
+        .form-group input[type="file"]:hover { border-color: #667eea; }
+        
+        .file-list { margin-top: 10px; }
+        .file-item { background: #f8f9fa; padding: 10px; border-radius: 6px; margin-bottom: 8px; display: flex; align-items: center; }
+        .file-item .name { flex: 1; }
+        .file-item .size { color: #666; font-size: 12px; }
+        .file-item .remove { color: #e74c3c; cursor: pointer; margin-left: 10px; }
+        
+        .btn { padding: 12px 24px; border: none; border-radius: 6px; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14px; transition: all 0.3s; }
+        .btn-primary { background: #667eea; color: white; }
+        .btn-primary:hover { background: #5a6fd6; }
+        .btn-success { background: #27ae60; color: white; }
+        .btn-success:hover { background: #219a52; }
+        
+        .result { background: #d4edda; color: #155724; padding: 15px; border-radius: 8px; margin-top: 15px; }
+        .result.error { background: #f8d7da; color: #721c24; }
+        
+        .file-info { background: #f8f9fa; padding: 15px; border-radius: 8px; margin-top: 15px; }
+        .file-info .item { display: flex; margin-bottom: 8px; }
+        .file-info .label { width: 120px; color: #666; }
+        .file-info .value { flex: 1; font-weight: 500; }
+        
+        .progress { width: 100%; height: 20px; background: #e0e0e0; border-radius: 10px; overflow: hidden; margin-top: 10px; }
+        .progress-bar { height: 100%; background: linear-gradient(90deg, #667eea, #764ba2); width: 0%; transition: width 0.3s; }
+        
+        .lab { background: #fff7e6; border-left: 4px solid #fa8c16; padding: 15px; border-radius: 8px; margin-bottom: 20px; }
+        .lab strong { color: #874d00; }
+        
+        .nav { display: flex; gap: 10px; margin-bottom: 20px; flex-wrap: wrap; }
+        .nav a { padding: 10px 20px; background: white; border-radius: 20px; text-decoration: none; color: #333; font-size: 0.9em; box-shadow: 0 2px 5px rgba(0,0,0,0.1); }
+        .nav a:hover { background: #667eea; color: white; }
+        
+        .tips { background: #e8f4f8; padding: 15px; border-radius: 8px; margin-top: 15px; }
+        .tips ul { margin-left: 20px; }
+        .tips li { margin-bottom: 5px; }
+    </style>
+</head>
+<body>
+    <div class="container">
+        <div class="header">
+            <h1>📁 文件上传演示</h1>
+            <p>学习Struts2如何处理文件上传，包括单文件、多文件上传和文件验证</p>
+        </div>
+        
+        <div class="nav">
+            <a href="index.jsp">← 返回首页</a>
+            <a href="learn">学习中心</a>
+            <a href="ajax-demo">AJAX演示</a>
+        </div>
+        
+        <div class="lab">
+            <strong>🧪 实验任务</strong>
+            <ul>
+                <li>使用"单文件上传"上传一个图片或文档，观察上传结果</li>
+                <li>使用"多文件上传"一次性选择多个文件</li>
+                <li>尝试上传超过10MB的文件，观察验证错误</li>
+                <li>尝试上传不支持的文件类型（如.exe），观察类型验证</li>
+            </ul>
+        </div>
+        
+        <!-- 单文件上传 -->
+        <div class="card">
+            <h3>📄 单文件上传</h3>
+            <s:form action="uploadSingle" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
+                <div class="form-group">
+                    <label>选择文件（支持图片、PDF、文本文件，最大10MB）:</label>
+                    <s:file name="upload" accept="image/*,.pdf,.txt" />
+                    <s:fielderror fieldName="upload" cssStyle="color: #e74c3c; font-size: 12px;" />
+                </div>
+                
+                <div class="form-group">
+                    <label>文件描述:</label>
+                    <s:textfield name="description" placeholder="请输入文件描述" />
+                </div>
+                
+                <s:submit value="上传文件" cssClass="btn btn-primary" />
+            </s:form>
+            
+            <s:if test="uploadResult != null">
+                <s:if test="uploadResult.success">
+                    <div class="result">
+                        <strong>✓ 上传成功</strong>
+                    </div>
+                    <div class="file-info">
+                        <div class="item">
+                            <span class="label">原始文件名:</span>
+                            <span class="value"><s:property value="uploadResult.originalName"/></span>
+                        </div>
+                        <div class="item">
+                            <span class="label">保存文件名:</span>
+                            <span class="value"><s:property value="uploadResult.savedName"/></span>
+                        </div>
+                        <div class="item">
+                            <span class="label">文件大小:</span>
+                            <span class="value"><s:property value="uploadResult.fileSize"/> 字节</span>
+                        </div>
+                        <div class="item">
+                            <span class="label">文件类型:</span>
+                            <span class="value"><s:property value="uploadResult.contentType"/></span>
+                        </div>
+                        <div class="item">
+                            <span class="label">描述:</span>
+                            <span class="value"><s:property value="uploadResult.description"/></span>
+                        </div>
+                        <div class="item">
+                            <span class="label">保存路径:</span>
+                            <span class="value"><s:property value="uploadResult.filePath"/></span>
+                        </div>
+                    </div>
+                </s:if>
+                <s:else>
+                    <div class="result error">
+                        <strong>✗ 上传失败:</strong> <s:property value="uploadResult.error"/>
+                    </div>
+                </s:else>
+            </s:if>
+        </div>
+        
+        <!-- 多文件上传 -->
+        <div class="card">
+            <h3>📁 多文件上传</h3>
+            <s:form action="uploadMultiple" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
+                <div class="form-group">
+                    <label>选择多个文件（按住Ctrl或Cmd键多选）:</label>
+                    <s:file name="uploads" multiple="true" accept="image/*,.pdf,.txt" />
+                </div>
+                
+                <s:submit value="上传多个文件" cssClass="btn btn-success" />
+            </s:form>
+            
+            <s:if test="uploadResult != null && uploadResult.files != null">
+                <s:if test="uploadResult.success">
+                    <div class="result">
+                        <strong>✓ <s:property value="uploadResult.message"/></strong>
+                    </div>
+                    <div style="margin-top: 15px;">
+                        <h4>上传的文件列表:</h4>
+                        <table style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin-top: 10px;">
+                            <tr style="background: #3498db; color: white;">
+                                <th style="padding: 10px; text-align: left;">文件名</th>
+                                <th style="padding: 10px; text-align: left;">大小</th>
+                                <th style="padding: 10px; text-align: left;">类型</th>
+                                <th style="padding: 10px; text-align: left;">状态</th>
+                            </tr>
+                            <s:iterator value="uploadResult.files" var="file">
+                                <tr style="border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;">
+                                    <td style="padding: 10px;"><s:property value="#file.originalName"/></td>
+                                    <td style="padding: 10px;"><s:property value="#file.fileSize"/> 字节</td>
+                                    <td style="padding: 10px;"><s:property value="#file.contentType"/></td>
+                                    <td style="padding: 10px;">
+                                        <s:if test="#file.success">
+                                            <span style="color: #27ae60;">✓ 成功</span>
+                                        </s:if>
+                                        <s:else>
+                                            <span style="color: #e74c3c;">✗ <s:property value="#file.error"/></span>
+                                        </s:else>
+                                    </td>
+                                </tr>
+                            </s:iterator>
+                        </table>
+                    </div>
+                </s:if>
+                <s:else>
+                    <div class="result error">
+                        <strong>✗ 上传失败:</strong> <s:property value="uploadResult.error"/>
+                    </div>
+                </s:else>
+            </s:if>
+        </div>
+        
+        <!-- 学习要点 -->
+        <div class="card">
+            <h3>📚 学习要点</h3>
+            <ul>
+                <li><strong>文件字段命名:</strong> 表单中的文件字段名必须与Action中的属性名一致（如 <code>upload</code>）</li>
+                <li><strong>三个属性:</strong> Action需要提供 <code>File upload</code>、<code>String uploadFileName</code>、<code>String uploadContentType</code></li>
+                <li><strong>多文件上传:</strong> 使用数组形式 <code>File[] uploads</code>、<code>String[] uploadsFileName</code> 等</li>
+                <li><strong>表单enctype:</strong> 必须设置 <code>enctype="multipart/form-data"</code></li>
+                <li><strong>文件验证:</strong> 可以在 <code>validate()</code> 方法中检查文件大小和类型</li>
+                <li><strong>文件保存:</strong> 使用 <code>FileUtils.copyFile()</code> 或手动流操作保存文件</li>
+            </ul>
+            
+            <div class="tips">
+                <strong>💡 提示</strong>
+                <ul>
+                    <li>上传的文件默认保存在临时目录，需要手动移动到目标位置</li>
+                    <li>建议生成唯一文件名避免冲突（如使用UUID）</li>
+                    <li>生产环境应该限制上传目录的访问权限</li>
+                    <li>大文件上传需要考虑分片上传和进度显示</li>
+                </ul>
+            </div>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+</body>
+</html>

src/main/webapp/index.jsp

@@ -71,6 +71,16 @@
             <p>通过错误示例/正确示例切换，直观看到字段错误、input 返回和成功路径的区别。</p>
             <a href="validation" class="btn">进入实验室</a>
         </div>
+        <div class="card">
+            <h3>🚀 AJAX 异步交互</h3>
+            <p>学习Struts2如何处理AJAX请求，返回JSON数据，实现前后端分离交互。</p>
+            <a href="ajax" class="btn purple">AJAX演示</a>
+        </div>
+        <div class="card">
+            <h3>📁 文件上传</h3>
+            <p>演示单文件、多文件上传，文件类型和大小验证，以及文件处理流程。</p>
+            <a href="upload" class="btn green">文件上传</a>
+        </div>
     </div>
 
     <div class="timeline">

src/main/webapp/learn.jsp

@@ -72,6 +72,16 @@
             <p>学习为什么校验失败不会直接 500，而是回到 input 页面并显示字段级错误。</p>
             <a class="btn" href="validation">打开验证实验室</a>
         </div>
+        <div class="card">
+            <h3>🚀 AJAX 异步交互</h3>
+            <p>学习Struts2如何处理AJAX请求，返回JSON数据，实现无刷新交互和实时数据更新。</p>
+            <a class="btn purple" href="ajax">打开AJAX演示</a>
+        </div>
+        <div class="card">
+            <h3>📁 文件上传</h3>
+            <p>演示单文件和多文件上传，学习文件类型验证、大小限制和文件处理流程。</p>
+            <a class="btn green" href="upload">打开文件上传</a>
+        </div>
     </div>
 
     <h2>📚 学习路径</h2>

src/main/webapp/lifecycle-visual.jsp

@@ -0,0 +1,457 @@
+<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
+<%@ taglib prefix="s" uri="/struts-tags" %>
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+    <meta charset="UTF-8">
+    <title>Action生命周期可视化 - Struts2请求处理流程</title>
+    <style>
+        * { margin: 0; padding: 0; box-sizing: border-box; }
+        body { font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, sans-serif; background: #f5f7fa; padding: 20px; }
+        .container { max-width: 1400px; margin: 0 auto; }
+        
+        .header { background: linear-gradient(135deg, #667eea 0%, #764ba2 100%); color: white; padding: 30px; border-radius: 15px; margin-bottom: 30px; text-align: center; }
+        .header h1 { font-size: 2em; margin-bottom: 10px; }
+        
+        .grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(500px, 1fr)); gap: 20px; margin-bottom: 30px; }
+        
+        .card { background: white; border-radius: 12px; padding: 25px; box-shadow: 0 4px 20px rgba(0,0,0,0.08); }
+        .card h3 { color: #333; margin-bottom: 15px; border-bottom: 2px solid #eee; padding-bottom: 10px; }
+        
+        /* 生命周期流程 */
+        .lifecycle-flow { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 10px; }
+        .stage-item { 
+            display: flex; 
+            align-items: flex-start;
+            padding: 15px; 
+            background: #f8f9fa; 
+            border-radius: 10px;
+            border-left: 4px solid #667eea;
+            transition: all 0.3s;
+            cursor: pointer;
+        }
+        .stage-item:hover { background: #e8f4f8; transform: translateX(5px); }
+        .stage-item.active { background: #d4edda; border-left-color: #27ae60; }
+        
+        .stage-icon { 
+            font-size: 28px; 
+            margin-right: 15px;
+            min-width: 40px;
+            text-align: center;
+        }
+        
+        .stage-content { flex: 1; }
+        .stage-name { font-weight: bold; color: #333; margin-bottom: 5px; font-size: 15px; }
+        .stage-desc { font-size: 13px; color: #666; margin-bottom: 8px; }
+        .stage-components { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 5px; }
+        .stage-component { 
+            background: white; 
+            padding: 3px 10px; 
+            border-radius: 12px; 
+            font-size: 11px;
+            border: 1px solid #ddd;
+        }
+        
+        .stage-detail {
+            display: none;
+            margin-top: 10px;
+            padding: 12px;
+            background: white;
+            border-radius: 8px;
+            font-size: 12px;
+            color: #555;
+            border-left: 3px solid #3498db;
+        }
+        .stage-detail.show { display: block; }
+        
+        /* 拦截器链 */
+        .interceptor-chain { position: relative; padding: 20px 0; }
+        .chain-line {
+            position: absolute;
+            left: 30px;
+            top: 0;
+            bottom: 0;
+            width: 3px;
+            background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #667eea, #764ba2);
+        }
+        
+        .interceptor-item {
+            display: flex;
+            align-items: center;
+            margin-bottom: 15px;
+            position: relative;
+            padding-left: 60px;
+        }
+        
+        .interceptor-dot {
+            position: absolute;
+            left: 22px;
+            width: 16px;
+            height: 16px;
+            border-radius: 50%;
+            background: #667eea;
+            border: 3px solid white;
+            box-shadow: 0 0 0 3px #667eea;
+        }
+        .interceptor-item.framework .interceptor-dot { background: #3498db; box-shadow: 0 0 0 3px #3498db; }
+        .interceptor-item.custom .interceptor-dot { background: #27ae60; box-shadow: 0 0 0 3px #27ae60; }
+        
+        .interceptor-card {
+            background: #f8f9fa;
+            padding: 12px 15px;
+            border-radius: 8px;
+            flex: 1;
+            border-left: 3px solid #667eea;
+        }
+        .interceptor-item.framework .interceptor-card { border-left-color: #3498db; }
+        .interceptor-item.custom .interceptor-card { border-left-color: #27ae60; }
+        
+        .interceptor-name { font-weight: bold; color: #333; margin-bottom: 3px; }
+        .interceptor-desc { font-size: 12px; color: #666; }
+        .interceptor-meta { 
+            display: flex; 
+            gap: 10px; 
+            margin-top: 8px;
+            font-size: 11px;
+        }
+        .interceptor-type {
+            padding: 2px 8px;
+            border-radius: 10px;
+            background: #e8f4f8;
+            color: #2980b9;
+        }
+        .interceptor-phase {
+            padding: 2px 8px;
+            border-radius: 10px;
+            background: #eafaf1;
+            color: #27ae60;
+        }
+        
+        /* 模拟控制台 */
+        .console {
+            background: #1e1e1e;
+            color: #d4d4d4;
+            padding: 15px;
+            border-radius: 8px;
+            font-family: 'Monaco', 'Menlo', monospace;
+            font-size: 13px;
+            max-height: 400px;
+            overflow-y: auto;
+        }
+        .console-line {
+            padding: 3px 0;
+            border-bottom: 1px solid #333;
+        }
+        .console-line:last-child { border-bottom: none; }
+        .console-line.indent-1 { padding-left: 20px; }
+        .console-line.indent-2 { padding-left: 40px; }
+        .console-timestamp { color: #999; font-size: 11px; margin-right: 10px; }
+        .console-arrow { color: #67eea; }
+        .console-action { color: #f39c12; }
+        .console-success { color: #2ecc71; }
+        
+        /* 值栈可视化 */
+        .value-stack { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 15px; }
+        .stack-section {
+            background: #f8f9fa;
+            border-radius: 10px;
+            padding: 15px;
+            border-left: 4px solid #667eea;
+        }
+        .stack-section.context { border-left-color: #f39c12; }
+        
+        .stack-title { font-weight: bold; color: #333; margin-bottom: 10px; }
+        .stack-desc { font-size: 12px; color: #666; margin-bottom: 10px; }
+        
+        .stack-objects { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 8px; }
+        .stack-object {
+            background: white;
+            padding: 10px;
+            border-radius: 6px;
+            border: 1px solid #e0e0e0;
+        }
+        .stack-object-name { font-weight: bold; color: #667eea; font-size: 13px; }
+        .stack-object-type { font-size: 11px; color: #999; margin-top: 2px; }
+        .stack-object-props { font-size: 11px; color: #666; margin-top: 5px; }
+        
+        .btn { padding: 10px 20px; border: none; border-radius: 6px; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14px; transition: all 0.3s; margin-right: 10px; }
+        .btn-primary { background: #667eea; color: white; }
+        .btn-primary:hover { background: #5a6fd6; }
+        .btn-success { background: #27ae60; color: white; }
+        .btn-success:hover { background: #219a52; }
+        
+        .nav { display: flex; gap: 10px; margin-bottom: 20px; flex-wrap: wrap; }
+        .nav a { padding: 10px 20px; background: white; border-radius: 20px; text-decoration: none; color: #333; font-size: 0.9em; box-shadow: 0 2px 5px rgba(0,0,0,0.1); }
+        .nav a:hover { background: #667eea; color: white; }
+        
+        .lab { background: #fff7e6; border-left: 4px solid #fa8c16; padding: 15px; border-radius: 8px; margin-bottom: 20px; }
+        .lab strong { color: #874d00; }
+        
+        @keyframes pulse {
+            0%, 100% { opacity: 1; }
+            50% { opacity: 0.7; }
+        }
+        .executing { animation: pulse 1s infinite; background: #fff3cd !important; }
+    </style>
+</head>
+<body>
+    <div class="container">
+        <div class="header">
+            <h1>⚡ Action生命周期可视化</h1>
+            <p>深入理解Struts2处理HTTP请求的完整流程</p>
+        </div>
+        
+        <div class="nav">
+            <a href="index.jsp">← 返回首页</a>
+            <a href="learn">学习中心</a>
+            <a href="classloader-visual">类加载可视化</a>
+        </div>
+        
+        <div class="lab">
+            <strong>🧪 实验任务</strong>
+            <ul>
+                <li>点击<strong>生命周期阶段</strong>，查看每个阶段的详细说明和涉及的组件</li>
+                <li>观察<strong>拦截器链</strong>，理解责任链模式的执行顺序</li>
+                <li>点击<strong>模拟请求执行</strong>，观看完整的请求处理流程</li>
+                <li>查看<strong>值栈结构</strong>，理解OGNL如何访问数据</li>
+            </ul>
+        </div>
+        
+        <div class="grid">
+            <!-- 生命周期流程 -->
+            <div class="card">
+                <h3>📋 Action生命周期流程（点击查看详情）</h3>
+                <div id="lifecycleFlow" class="lifecycle-flow">
+                    <div style="text-align: center; padding: 20px; color: #999;">加载中...</div>
+                </div>
+            </div>
+            
+            <!-- 拦截器链 -->
+            <div class="card">
+                <h3>⛓️ 拦截器链执行顺序</h3>
+                <div id="interceptorChain" class="interceptor-chain">
+                    <div class="chain-line"></div>
+                    <div style="text-align: center; padding: 20px; color: #999;">加载中...</div>
+                </div>
+            </div>
+            
+            <!-- 模拟请求执行 -->
+            <div class="card">
+                <h3>🎬 模拟请求执行</h3>
+                <div style="margin-bottom: 15px;">
+                    <button class="btn btn-primary" onclick="simulateRequest()">开始模拟</button>
+                    <button class="btn btn-success" onclick="clearConsole()">清空</button>
+                </div>
+                <div id="console" class="console">
+                    <div class="console-line">点击"开始模拟"观看请求处理流程...</div>
+                </div>
+            </div>
+            
+            <!-- 值栈结构 -->
+            <div class="card">
+                <h3>📚 值栈（ValueStack）结构</h3>
+                <div id="valueStack" class="value-stack">
+                    <div style="text-align: center; padding: 20px; color: #999;">加载中...</div>
+                </div>
+            </div>
+        </div>
+        
+        <div class="card">
+            <h3>📖 学习要点</h3>
+            <ul>
+                <li><strong>请求入口:</strong> 所有请求先经过StrutsPrepareAndExecuteFilter过滤器</li>
+                <li><strong>ActionProxy:</strong> 封装Action的调用信息，包含拦截器栈配置</li>
+                <li><strong>拦截器链:</strong> 使用责任链模式，前置处理顺序执行，后置处理逆序执行</li>
+                <li><strong>值栈:</strong> OGNL表达式的根对象，包含Action和上下文数据</li>
+                <li><strong>结果渲染:</strong> 根据返回字符串查找对应的Result进行视图渲染</li>
+                <li><strong>线程安全:</strong> 每个请求创建新的Action实例，不存在线程安全问题</li>
+            </ul>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+    
+    <script>
+        // 加载生命周期流程
+        async function loadLifecycle() {
+            try {
+                const response = await fetch('lifecycle_getLifecycle');
+                const data = await response.json();
+                
+                const container = document.getElementById('lifecycleFlow');
+                container.innerHTML = '';
+                
+                data.stages.forEach((stage, index) => {
+                    const div = document.createElement('div');
+                    div.className = 'stage-item';
+                    div.style.animationDelay = `${index * 0.1}s`;
+                    div.onclick = () => toggleStageDetail(div, stage);
+                    
+                    const componentsHtml = stage.components.map(c => 
+                        `<span class="stage-component">${c}</span>`
+                    ).join('');
+                    
+                    div.innerHTML = `
+                        <div class="stage-icon">${stage.icon}</div>
+                        <div class="stage-content">
+                            <div class="stage-name">${stage.id}. ${stage.name}</div>
+                            <div class="stage-desc">${stage.description}</div>
+                            <div class="stage-components">${componentsHtml}</div>
+                            <div class="stage-detail" id="stage-detail-${stage.id}">
+                                <strong>详细说明:</strong><br>
+                                ${stage.details}
+                            </div>
+                        </div>
+                    `;
+                    
+                    container.appendChild(div);
+                });
+            } catch (error) {
+                document.getElementById('lifecycleFlow').innerHTML = 
+                    `<div style="color: #e74c3c;">加载失败: ${error.message}</div>`;
+            }
+        }
+        
+        // 切换阶段详情
+        function toggleStageDetail(element, stage) {
+            document.querySelectorAll('.stage-item').forEach(item => {
+                item.classList.remove('active');
+            });
+            document.querySelectorAll('.stage-detail').forEach(detail => {
+                detail.classList.remove('show');
+            });
+            
+            element.classList.add('active');
+            element.querySelector('.stage-detail').classList.add('show');
+        }
+        
+        // 加载拦截器链
+        async function loadInterceptorChain() {
+            try {
+                const response = await fetch('lifecycle_getInterceptorChain');
+                const data = await response.json();
+                
+                const container = document.getElementById('interceptorChain');
+                container.innerHTML = '<div class="chain-line"></div>';
+                
+                data.interceptors.forEach((interceptor, index) => {
+                    const div = document.createElement('div');
+                    div.className = `interceptor-item ${interceptor.type}`;
+                    div.style.animationDelay = `${index * 0.1}s`;
+                    
+                    div.innerHTML = `
+                        <div class="interceptor-dot"></div>
+                        <div class="interceptor-card">
+                            <div class="interceptor-name">${interceptor.name}</div>
+                            <div class="interceptor-desc">${interceptor.description}</div>
+                            <div class="interceptor-meta">
+                                <span class="interceptor-type">${interceptor.type === 'framework' ? '框架' : '自定义'}</span>
+                                <span class="interceptor-phase">${interceptor.phase}</span>
+                            </div>
+                        </div>
+                    `;
+                    
+                    container.appendChild(div);
+                });
+            } catch (error) {
+                document.getElementById('interceptorChain').innerHTML = 
+                    `<div style="color: #e74c3c;">加载失败: ${error.message}</div>`;
+            }
+        }
+        
+        // 模拟请求执行
+        async function simulateRequest() {
+            const console = document.getElementById('console');
+            console.innerHTML = '<div class="console-line">开始模拟请求处理...</div>';
+            
+            try {
+                const response = await fetch('lifecycle_simulate');
+                const data = await response.json();
+                
+                let delay = 0;
+                data.logs.forEach((log, index) => {
+                    setTimeout(() => {
+                        const line = document.createElement('div');
+                        line.className = `console-line indent-${log.indent}`;
+                        
+                        let message = log.message;
+                        if (message.includes('▶️')) message = message.replace('▶️', '<span class="console-action">▶️</span>');
+                        if (message.includes('↩️')) message = message.replace('↩️', '<span class="console-arrow">↩️</span>');
+                        if (message.includes('✅')) message = message.replace('✅', '<span class="console-success">✅</span>');
+                        
+                        line.innerHTML = `<span class="console-timestamp">${log.timestamp}</span>${message}`;
+                        console.appendChild(line);
+                        console.scrollTop = console.scrollHeight;
+                    }, delay);
+                    delay += 300;
+                });
+                
+            } catch (error) {
+                console.innerHTML += `<div class="console-line" style="color: #e74c3c;">模拟失败: ${error.message}</div>`;
+            }
+        }
+        
+        // 清空控制台
+        function clearConsole() {
+            document.getElementById('console').innerHTML = '<div class="console-line">点击"开始模拟"观看请求处理流程...</div>';
+        }
+        
+        // 加载值栈
+        async function loadValueStack() {
+            try {
+                const response = await fetch('lifecycle_getValueStack');
+                const data = await response.json();
+                
+                const container = document.getElementById('valueStack');
+                container.innerHTML = '';
+                
+                data.stack.forEach((section, index) => {
+                    const div = document.createElement('div');
+                    div.className = `stack-section ${section.type}`;
+                    
+                    const objectsHtml = section.objects.map(obj => `
+                        <div class="stack-object">
+                            <div class="stack-object-name">${obj.name}</div>
+                            <div class="stack-object-type">${obj.type}</div>
+                            <div class="stack-object-props">${obj.properties}</div>
+                        </div>
+                    `).join('');
+                    
+                    div.innerHTML = `
+                        <div class="stack-title">${section.name}</div>
+                        <div class="stack-desc">${section.description}</div>
+                        <div class="stack-objects">${objectsHtml}</div>
+                    `;
+                    
+                    container.appendChild(div);
+                });
+                
+                // 添加OGNL示例
+                const examplesDiv = document.createElement('div');
+                examplesDiv.className = 'stack-section';
+                examplesDiv.innerHTML = `
+                    <div class="stack-title">OGNL表达式示例</div>
+                    <div class="stack-desc">${data.ognl}</div>
+                    <div class="stack-objects">
+                        ${data.examples.map(ex => `
+                            <div class="stack-object">
+                                <div class="stack-object-props">${ex}</div>
+                            </div>
+                        `).join('')}
+                    </div>
+                `;
+                container.appendChild(examplesDiv);
+                
+            } catch (error) {
+                document.getElementById('valueStack').innerHTML = 
+                    `<div style="color: #e74c3c;">加载失败: ${error.message}</div>`;
+            }
+        }
+        
+        // 页面加载时初始化
+        window.onload = function() {
+            loadLifecycle();
+            loadInterceptorChain();
+            loadValueStack();
+        };
+    </script>
+</body>
+</html>

src/main/webapp/ognl-visual.jsp

@@ -0,0 +1,507 @@
+<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
+<%@ taglib prefix="s" uri="/struts-tags" %>
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+    <meta charset="UTF-8">
+    <title>OGNL表达式可视化 - 对象图导航语言</title>
+    <style>
+        * { margin: 0; padding: 0; box-sizing: border-box; }
+        body { font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, sans-serif; background: #f5f7fa; padding: 20px; }
+        .container { max-width: 1400px; margin: 0 auto; }
+        
+        .header { background: linear-gradient(135deg, #667eea 0%, #764ba2 100%); color: white; padding: 30px; border-radius: 15px; margin-bottom: 30px; text-align: center; }
+        .header h1 { font-size: 2em; margin-bottom: 10px; }
+        
+        .grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: 20px; margin-bottom: 30px; }
+        @media (max-width: 900px) { .grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; } }
+        
+        .card { background: white; border-radius: 12px; padding: 25px; box-shadow: 0 4px 20px rgba(0,0,0,0.08); }
+        .card h3 { color: #333; margin-bottom: 15px; border-bottom: 2px solid #eee; padding-bottom: 10px; }
+        
+        /* 表达式编辑器 */
+        .expression-editor { margin-bottom: 20px; }
+        .expression-input { 
+            width: 100%; 
+            padding: 15px; 
+            font-size: 16px; 
+            font-family: 'Monaco', monospace;
+            border: 2px solid #ddd; 
+            border-radius: 8px;
+            margin-bottom: 10px;
+        }
+        .expression-input:focus { outline: none; border-color: #667eea; }
+        
+        .btn { padding: 12px 24px; border: none; border-radius: 6px; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14px; transition: all 0.3s; }
+        .btn-primary { background: #667eea; color: white; }
+        .btn-primary:hover { background: #5a6fd6; }
+        .btn-secondary { background: #95a5a6; color: white; margin-left: 10px; }
+        .btn-secondary:hover { background: #7f8c8d; }
+        
+        /* 结果显示 */
+        .result-panel { 
+            background: #1e1e1e; 
+            color: #d4d4d4; 
+            padding: 20px; 
+            border-radius: 8px;
+            font-family: 'Monaco', monospace;
+            min-height: 150px;
+        }
+        .result-success { border-left: 4px solid #27ae60; }
+        .result-error { border-left: 4px solid #e74c3c; }
+        .result-label { color: #999; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 5px; }
+        .result-value { color: #67eea; font-size: 14px; word-break: break-all; }
+        .result-type { color: #f39c12; font-size: 12px; margin-top: 10px; }
+        .result-error-msg { color: #e74c3c; }
+        
+        /* 示例列表 */
+        .examples-list { max-height: 500px; overflow-y: auto; }
+        .example-item { 
+            background: #f8f9fa; 
+            border-radius: 8px; 
+            padding: 15px; 
+            margin-bottom: 10px;
+            cursor: pointer;
+            transition: all 0.3s;
+            border-left: 3px solid transparent;
+        }
+        .example-item:hover { 
+            background: #e8f4f8; 
+            border-left-color: #3498db;
+            transform: translateX(5px);
+        }
+        .example-category { 
+            display: inline-block; 
+            padding: 3px 10px; 
+            border-radius: 12px; 
+            font-size: 11px; 
+            margin-bottom: 8px;
+            background: #667eea;
+            color: white;
+        }
+        .example-expression { 
+            font-family: 'Monaco', monospace;
+            font-size: 14px;
+            color: #333;
+            margin-bottom: 5px;
+            font-weight: bold;
+        }
+        .example-desc { font-size: 12px; color: #666; }
+        .example-result { font-size: 11px; color: #27ae60; margin-top: 5px; }
+        
+        /* 数据结构展示 */
+        .data-structure { background: #f8f9fa; border-radius: 8px; padding: 15px; }
+        .data-object { margin-bottom: 15px; }
+        .data-object-header { 
+            background: #667eea; 
+            color: white; 
+            padding: 8px 12px; 
+            border-radius: 6px;
+            font-weight: bold;
+            cursor: pointer;
+        }
+        .data-object-content { 
+            padding: 10px; 
+            border: 1px solid #e0e0e0; 
+            border-top: none;
+            border-radius: 0 0 6px 6px;
+            background: white;
+        }
+        .data-field { 
+            display: flex; 
+            justify-content: space-between; 
+            padding: 5px 0;
+            border-bottom: 1px solid #f0f0f0;
+        }
+        .data-field:last-child { border-bottom: none; }
+        .data-field-name { color: #667eea; font-weight: 500; }
+        .data-field-value { color: #333; }
+        .data-field-type { color: #999; font-size: 11px; }
+        
+        /* 语法树 */
+        .syntax-tree { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 10px; }
+        .tree-node { 
+            background: #f8f9fa; 
+            border-radius: 8px; 
+            padding: 12px 15px;
+            border-left: 3px solid #667eea;
+        }
+        .tree-node-root { background: #667eea; color: white; border-left: none; }
+        .tree-node-title { font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 5px; }
+        .tree-node-example { font-size: 12px; opacity: 0.8; font-family: monospace; }
+        
+        /* 快速操作按钮 */
+        .quick-actions { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 8px; margin-top: 15px; }
+        .quick-btn { 
+            padding: 6px 12px; 
+            background: #e8f4f8; 
+            border: 1px solid #3498db;
+            border-radius: 15px;
+            font-size: 12px;
+            cursor: pointer;
+            transition: all 0.3s;
+        }
+        .quick-btn:hover { background: #3498db; color: white; }
+        
+        .nav { display: flex; gap: 10px; margin-bottom: 20px; flex-wrap: wrap; }
+        .nav a { padding: 10px 20px; background: white; border-radius: 20px; text-decoration: none; color: #333; font-size: 0.9em; box-shadow: 0 2px 5px rgba(0,0,0,0.1); }
+        .nav a:hover { background: #667eea; color: white; }
+        
+        .lab { background: #fff7e6; border-left: 4px solid #fa8c16; padding: 15px; border-radius: 8px; margin-bottom: 20px; }
+        .lab strong { color: #874d00; }
+        
+        .tips { background: #e8f4f8; padding: 15px; border-radius: 8px; margin-top: 15px; }
+        .tips ul { margin-left: 20px; }
+        .tips li { margin-bottom: 5px; font-size: 13px; }
+    </style>
+</head>
+<body>
+    <div class="container">
+        <div class="header">
+            <h1>🎯 OGNL表达式可视化</h1>
+            <p>交互式学习对象图导航语言（Object-Graph Navigation Language）</p>
+        </div>
+        
+        <div class="nav">
+            <a href="index.jsp">← 返回首页</a>
+            <a href="learn">学习中心</a>
+            <a href="classloader-visual">类加载可视化</a>
+            <a href="lifecycle">生命周期可视化</a>
+        </div>
+        
+        <div class="lab">
+            <strong>🧪 实验任务</strong>
+            <ul>
+                <li>在<strong>表达式编辑器</strong>中输入OGNL表达式，观察执行结果</li>
+                <li>点击<strong>示例列表</strong>中的表达式，快速学习各种语法</li>
+                <li>查看<strong>测试数据结构</strong>，了解可以访问的数据</li>
+                <li>尝试组合使用过滤、投影等高级操作</li>
+            </ul>
+        </div>
+        
+        <div class="grid">
+            <!-- 表达式编辑器 -->
+            <div class="card">
+                <h3>✏️ 表达式编辑器</h3>
+                <div class="expression-editor">
+                    <input type="text" id="expressionInput" class="expression-input" 
+                           placeholder="输入OGNL表达式，例如: user.name 或 users.{name}">
+                    <div>
+                        <button class="btn btn-primary" onclick="executeExpression()">执行表达式</button>
+                        <button class="btn btn-secondary" onclick="clearExpression()">清空</button>
+                    </div>
+                </div>
+                
+                <h4 style="margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px;">执行结果</h4>
+                <div id="resultPanel" class="result-panel">
+                    <div class="result-label">输入表达式并点击"执行"查看结果</div>
+                </div>
+                
+                <div class="quick-actions">
+                    <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #666; margin-right: 10px;">快速插入:</span>
+                    <span class="quick-btn" onclick="insertExpression('user.name')">user.name</span>
+                    <span class="quick-btn" onclick="insertExpression('user.address.city')">user.address.city</span>
+                    <span class="quick-btn" onclick="insertExpression('users.size()')">users.size()</span>
+                    <span class="quick-btn" onclick="insertExpression('users.{name}')">users.{name}</span>
+                    <span class="quick-btn" onclick="insertExpression('users.{? #this.age > 25}')">过滤</span>
+                    <span class="quick-btn" onclick="insertExpression('#sessionUser.name')">#sessionUser</span>
+                </div>
+            </div>
+            
+            <!-- 示例列表 -->
+            <div class="card">
+                <h3>📚 OGNL示例库（点击使用）</h3>
+                <div id="examplesList" class="examples-list">
+                    <div style="text-align: center; padding: 20px; color: #999;">加载中...</div>
+                </div>
+            </div>
+            
+            <!-- 测试数据结构 -->
+            <div class="card">
+                <h3>📦 测试数据结构</h3>
+                <div id="dataStructure" class="data-structure">
+                    <div style="text-align: center; padding: 20px; color: #999;">加载中...</div>
+                </div>
+            </div>
+            
+            <!-- OGNL语法 -->
+            <div class="card">
+                <h3>🌲 OGNL语法类型</h3>
+                <div id="syntaxTree" class="syntax-tree">
+                    <div style="text-align: center; padding: 20px; color: #999;">加载中...</div>
+                </div>
+                
+                <div class="tips">
+                    <strong>💡 提示</strong>
+                    <ul>
+                        <li><strong>属性访问:</strong> 使用点号(.)访问对象属性，如 user.name</li>
+                        <li><strong>方法调用:</strong> 直接调用方法，如 user.getName() 或 users.size()</li>
+                        <li><strong>集合投影:</strong> 使用.{prop}提取属性列表，如 users.{name}</li>
+                        <li><strong>集合过滤:</strong> 使用.{? condition}过滤元素</li>
+                        <li><strong>上下文访问:</strong> 使用#访问上下文变量，如 #sessionUser</li>
+                        <li><strong>静态访问:</strong> 使用@访问静态成员，如 @java.lang.Math@PI</li>
+                    </ul>
+                </div>
+            </div>
+        </div>
+        
+        <div class="card">
+            <h3>📖 学习要点</h3>
+            <ul>
+                <li><strong>值栈根对象:</strong> Action对象默认在值栈顶部，可以直接访问其属性</li>
+                <li><strong>OGNL上下文:</strong> 包含request、session、application等Web对象</li>
+                <li><strong>类型转换:</strong> OGNL自动进行字符串到目标类型的转换</li>
+                <li><strong>集合操作:</strong> 支持过滤(?)、投影(.{})、选择(^/$)等高级操作</li>
+                <li><strong>Lambda支持:</strong> 可以使用Lambda表达式进行复杂操作</li>
+                <li><strong>安全性:</strong> OGNL功能强大，注意防范OGNL注入攻击</li>
+            </ul>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+    
+    <script>
+        // 加载示例列表
+        async function loadExamples() {
+            try {
+                const response = await fetch('ognl_getExamples');
+                const data = await response.json();
+                
+                const container = document.getElementById('examplesList');
+                container.innerHTML = '';
+                
+                data.examples.forEach((example, index) => {
+                    const div = document.createElement('div');
+                    div.className = 'example-item';
+                    div.style.animationDelay = `${index * 0.05}s`;
+                    div.onclick = () => useExample(example.expression);
+                    
+                    div.innerHTML = `
+                        <span class="example-category">${example.category}</span>
+                        <div class="example-expression">${example.expression}</div>
+                        <div class="example-desc">${example.description}</div>
+                        <div class="example-result">结果: ${example.expectedResult}</div>
+                    `;
+                    
+                    container.appendChild(div);
+                });
+            } catch (error) {
+                document.getElementById('examplesList').innerHTML = 
+                    `<div style="color: #e74c3c;">加载失败: ${error.message}</div>`;
+            }
+        }
+        
+        // 加载测试数据
+        async function loadTestData() {
+            try {
+                const response = await fetch('ognl_getTestData');
+                const data = await response.json();
+                
+                const container = document.getElementById('dataStructure');
+                container.innerHTML = '';
+                
+                // User对象
+                const userDiv = document.createElement('div');
+                userDiv.className = 'data-object';
+                userDiv.innerHTML = `
+                    <div class="data-object-header" onclick="toggleDataObject(this)">user: User</div>
+                    <div class="data-object-content">
+                        <div class="data-field">
+                            <span class="data-field-name">id</span>
+                            <span class="data-field-value">${data.user.id}</span>
+                            <span class="data-field-type">Long</span>
+                        </div>
+                        <div class="data-field">
+                            <span class="data-field-name">name</span>
+                            <span class="data-field-value">${data.user.name}</span>
+                            <span class="data-field-type">String</span>
+                        </div>
+                        <div class="data-field">
+                            <span class="data-field-name">email</span>
+                            <span class="data-field-value">${data.user.email}</span>
+                            <span class="data-field-type">String</span>
+                        </div>
+                        <div class="data-field">
+                            <span class="data-field-name">age</span>
+                            <span class="data-field-value">${data.user.age}</span>
+                            <span class="data-field-type">Integer</span>
+                        </div>
+                        <div class="data-field">
+                            <span class="data-field-name">address</span>
+                            <span class="data-field-value">${data.user.address.city} ${data.user.address.district}</span>
+                            <span class="data-field-type">Address</span>
+                        </div>
+                    </div>
+                `;
+                container.appendChild(userDiv);
+                
+                // Users列表
+                const usersDiv = document.createElement('div');
+                usersDiv.className = 'data-object';
+                usersDiv.innerHTML = `
+                    <div class="data-object-header" onclick="toggleDataObject(this)">users: List&lt;User&gt; [${data.users.length} items]</div>
+                    <div class="data-object-content" style="display: none;">
+                        ${data.users.map(u => `
+                            <div class="data-field">
+                                <span class="data-field-name">${u.name}</span>
+                                <span class="data-field-value">${u.age}岁, ${u.address.city}</span>
+                            </div>
+                        `).join('')}
+                    </div>
+                `;
+                container.appendChild(usersDiv);
+                
+                // Context
+                const contextDiv = document.createElement('div');
+                contextDiv.className = 'data-object';
+                contextDiv.innerHTML = `
+                    <div class="data-object-header" onclick="toggleDataObject(this)">context: Map</div>
+                    <div class="data-object-content" style="display: none;">
+                        ${Object.entries(data.context).map(([k, v]) => `
+                            <div class="data-field">
+                                <span class="data-field-name">${k}</span>
+                                <span class="data-field-value">${typeof v === 'object' ? JSON.stringify(v) : v}</span>
+                            </div>
+                        `).join('')}
+                    </div>
+                `;
+                container.appendChild(contextDiv);
+                
+            } catch (error) {
+                document.getElementById('dataStructure').innerHTML = 
+                    `<div style="color: #e74c3c;">加载失败: ${error.message}</div>`;
+            }
+        }
+        
+        // 加载语法树
+        async function loadSyntaxTree() {
+            try {
+                const response = await fetch('ognl_getSyntaxTree');
+                const data = await response.json();
+                
+                const container = document.getElementById('syntaxTree');
+                container.innerHTML = '';
+                
+                data.nodes.forEach((node, index) => {
+                    const rootDiv = document.createElement('div');
+                    rootDiv.className = 'tree-node tree-node-root';
+                    rootDiv.innerHTML = `
+                        <div class="tree-node-title">${node.name}</div>
+                        <div class="tree-node-example">${node.description || ''}</div>
+                    `;
+                    container.appendChild(rootDiv);
+                    
+                    if (node.children) {
+                        node.children.forEach((child, childIndex) => {
+                            const childDiv = document.createElement('div');
+                            childDiv.className = 'tree-node';
+                            childDiv.style.marginLeft = '20px';
+                            childDiv.innerHTML = `
+                                <div class="tree-node-title">${child.name}</div>
+                                <div class="tree-node-example">${child.example}</div>
+                            `;
+                            container.appendChild(childDiv);
+                        });
+                    }
+                });
+            } catch (error) {
+                document.getElementById('syntaxTree').innerHTML = 
+                    `<div style="color: #e74c3c;">加载失败: ${error.message}</div>`;
+            }
+        }
+        
+        // 执行表达式
+        async function executeExpression() {
+            const expression = document.getElementById('expressionInput').value.trim();
+            if (!expression) {
+                showResult('请输入表达式', null, '请输入OGNL表达式');
+                return;
+            }
+            
+            try {
+                const response = await fetch('ognl_execute', {
+                    method: 'POST',
+                    headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded' },
+                    body: 'expression=' + encodeURIComponent(expression)
+                });
+                
+                const data = await response.json();
+                
+                if (data.success) {
+                    showResult(expression, data.result, null, data.resultType);
+                } else {
+                    showResult(expression, null, data.error);
+                }
+            } catch (error) {
+                showResult(expression, null, '请求失败: ' + error.message);
+            }
+        }
+        
+        // 显示结果
+        function showResult(expression, result, error, resultType) {
+            const panel = document.getElementById('resultPanel');
+            
+            if (error) {
+                panel.className = 'result-panel result-error';
+                panel.innerHTML = `
+                    <div class="result-label">表达式</div>
+                    <div class="result-value">${expression}</div>
+                    <div class="result-label" style="margin-top: 15px;">错误</div>
+                    <div class="result-error-msg">${error}</div>
+                `;
+            } else {
+                panel.className = 'result-panel result-success';
+                let resultStr = result;
+                if (typeof result === 'object') {
+                    resultStr = JSON.stringify(result, null, 2);
+                }
+                panel.innerHTML = `
+                    <div class="result-label">表达式</div>
+                    <div class="result-value">${expression}</div>
+                    <div class="result-label" style="margin-top: 15px;">结果</div>
+                    <div class="result-value">${resultStr}</div>
+                    <div class="result-type">类型: ${resultType}</div>
+                `;
+            }
+        }
+        
+        // 使用示例
+        function useExample(expression) {
+            document.getElementById('expressionInput').value = expression;
+            executeExpression();
+        }
+        
+        // 插入表达式
+        function insertExpression(expr) {
+            const input = document.getElementById('expressionInput');
+            input.value = expr;
+            input.focus();
+        }
+        
+        // 清空表达式
+        function clearExpression() {
+            document.getElementById('expressionInput').value = '';
+            document.getElementById('resultPanel').innerHTML = '<div class="result-label">输入表达式并点击"执行"查看结果</div>';
+            document.getElementById('resultPanel').className = 'result-panel';
+        }
+        
+        // 切换数据对象展开/收起
+        function toggleDataObject(header) {
+            const content = header.nextElementSibling;
+            content.style.display = content.style.display === 'none' ? 'block' : 'none';
+        }
+        
+        // 页面加载时初始化
+        window.onload = function() {
+            loadExamples();
+            loadTestData();
+            loadSyntaxTree();
+            
+            // 绑定回车键
+            document.getElementById('expressionInput').addEventListener('keypress', function(e) {
+                if (e.key === 'Enter') {
+                    executeExpression();
+                }
+            });
+        };
+    </script>
+</body>
+</html>

struts2.log

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+SLF4J: Failed to load class "org.slf4j.impl.StaticLoggerBinder".
+SLF4J: Defaulting to no-operation (NOP) logger implementation
+SLF4J: See http://www.slf4j.org/codes.html#StaticLoggerBinder for further details.
+WARNING: jetty-runner is deprecated.
+         See Jetty Documentation for startup options
+         https://www.eclipse.org/jetty/documentation/
+2026-03-07T05:07:01.035940650Z main ERROR Log4j2 could not find a logging implementation. Please add log4j-core to the classpath. Using SimpleLogger to log to the console...
+[MonitorInterceptor] 初始化 - Sat Mar 07 05:07:04 UTC 2026
+[LoggingInterceptor] 进入 Action: , Method: execute
+[TimingInterceptor]  执行时间: 1115.90789 ms
+[LoggingInterceptor] 退出 Action: , Result: success, 耗时: 1124ms
+[LoggingInterceptor] 进入 Action: , Method: execute
+[TimingInterceptor]  执行时间: 46.49766 ms
+[LoggingInterceptor] 退出 Action: , Result: success, 耗时: 47ms
+[LoggingInterceptor] 进入 Action: , Method: execute
+[TimingInterceptor]  执行时间: 36.518364 ms
+[LoggingInterceptor] 退出 Action: , Result: success, 耗时: 37ms
+[MonitorInterceptor] 销毁 - Sat Mar 07 05:36:55 UTC 2026
+[MonitorInterceptor] 最终统计: {=3}

target/classes/struts.xml

@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE struts PUBLIC
+    "-//Apache Software Foundation//DTD Struts Configuration 6.0//EN"
+    "http://struts.apache.org/dtds/struts-6.0.dtd">
+<struts>
+    <!-- 开发模式 -->
+    <constant name="struts.devMode" value="true" />
+    <constant name="struts.enable.DynamicMethodInvocation" value="true" />
+    <constant name="struts.action.extension" value="action,," />
+    
+    <package name="default" namespace="/" extends="struts-default">
+        
+        <!-- ========== 自定义拦截器配置 ========== -->
+        <interceptors>
+            <interceptor name="logging" class="com.example.struts2.interceptor.LoggingInterceptor"/>
+            <interceptor name="timing" class="com.example.struts2.interceptor.TimingInterceptor"/>
+            <interceptor name="rateLimit" class="com.example.struts2.interceptor.RateLimitInterceptor"/>
+            <interceptor name="validation" class="com.example.struts2.interceptor.ValidationInterceptor"/>
+            <interceptor name="monitor" class="com.example.struts2.interceptor.MonitorInterceptor"/>
+            
+            <interceptor-stack name="customStack">
+                <interceptor-ref name="logging"/>
+                <interceptor-ref name="timing"/>
+                <interceptor-ref name="monitor"/>
+                <interceptor-ref name="defaultStack"/>
+            </interceptor-stack>
+            
+            <interceptor-stack name="apiStack">
+                <interceptor-ref name="logging"/>
+                <interceptor-ref name="rateLimit">
+                    <param name="maxRequestsPerMinute">100</param>
+                </interceptor-ref>
+                <interceptor-ref name="validation"/>
+                <interceptor-ref name="timing"/>
+                <interceptor-ref name="defaultStack"/>
+            </interceptor-stack>
+        </interceptors>
+        
+        <!-- 默认拦截器栈 -->
+        <default-interceptor-ref name="customStack"/>
+        
+        <!-- 默认 Action -->
+        <default-action-ref name="index" />
+        
+        <!-- 全局结果 -->
+        <global-results>
+            <result name="rateLimitExceeded">/error-rate-limit.jsp</result>
+            <result name="invalidInput">/error-invalid-input.jsp</result>
+        </global-results>
+        
+        <!-- ========== Actions ========== -->
+        <action name="index">
+            <result>/index.jsp</result>
+        </action>
+        
+        <action name="hello" class="com.example.struts2.HelloAction">
+            <result>/hello.jsp</result>
+        </action>
+        
+        <action name="learn" class="com.example.struts2.LearnAction">
+            <result>/learn.jsp</result>
+        </action>
+        
+        <action name="interceptor" class="com.example.struts2.InterceptorDemoAction">
+            <result>/interceptor-demo.jsp</result>
+        </action>
+
+        <action name="ognl" class="com.example.struts2.OgnlLabAction">
+            <result>/ognl-lab.jsp</result>
+        </action>
+
+        <action name="ognl_bind" class="com.example.struts2.OgnlLabAction" method="bind">
+            <result>/ognl-lab.jsp</result>
+        </action>
+
+        <action name="validation" class="com.example.struts2.ValidationLabAction">
+            <result>/validation-lab.jsp</result>
+        </action>
+
+        <action name="validation_submit" class="com.example.struts2.ValidationLabAction" method="submit">
+            <param name="actionName">submit</param>
+            <result>/validation-lab.jsp</result>
+            <result name="input">/validation-lab.jsp</result>
+        </action>
+        
+        <action name="interceptor_api" class="com.example.struts2.InterceptorDemoAction">
+            <interceptor-ref name="apiStack"/>
+            <result>/interceptor-demo.jsp</result>
+        </action>
+        
+        <action name="calc" class="com.example.struts2.CalculatorAction">
+            <result>/calculator.jsp</result>
+            <result name="input">/calculator.jsp</result>
+        </action>
+        
+        <action name="calc_execute" class="com.example.struts2.CalculatorAction" method="calculate">
+            <result>/calculator.jsp</result>
+            <result name="input">/calculator.jsp</result>
+        </action>
+        
+        <action name="user" class="com.example.struts2.UserFormAction" method="list">
+            <result>/user-list.jsp</result>
+        </action>
+        
+        <action name="user_add" class="com.example.struts2.UserFormAction" method="add">
+            <param name="actionName">user_add</param>
+            <result type="redirectAction">user</result>
+            <result name="input">/user-form.jsp</result>
+        </action>
+        
+        <action name="user_edit" class="com.example.struts2.UserFormAction" method="edit">
+            <result>/user-form.jsp</result>
+        </action>
+        
+        <action name="user_update" class="com.example.struts2.UserFormAction" method="update">
+            <param name="actionName">user_update</param>
+            <result type="redirectAction">user</result>
+            <result name="input">/user-form.jsp</result>
+        </action>
+        
+        <action name="user_delete" class="com.example.struts2.UserFormAction" method="delete">
+            <result type="redirectAction">user</result>
+        </action>
+        
+    </package>
+</struts>

target/maven-archiver/pom.properties

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+artifactId=struts2-scaffold
+groupId=com.example
+version=1.0.0

target/maven-status/maven-compiler-plugin/compile/default-compile/createdFiles.lst

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+com/example/struts2/interceptor/LoggingInterceptor.class
+com/example/struts2/InterceptorDemoAction.class
+com/example/struts2/CalculatorAction.class
+com/example/struts2/OgnlLabAction.class
+com/example/struts2/interceptor/RateLimitInterceptor.class
+com/example/struts2/HelloAction.class
+com/example/struts2/LearnAction.class
+com/example/struts2/interceptor/ValidationInterceptor.class
+com/example/struts2/OgnlLabAction$DemoUser.class
+com/example/struts2/UserFormAction$User.class
+com/example/struts2/interceptor/TimingInterceptor.class
+com/example/struts2/ValidationLabAction.class
+com/example/struts2/UserFormAction.class
+com/example/struts2/interceptor/MonitorInterceptor.class

target/maven-status/maven-compiler-plugin/compile/default-compile/inputFiles.lst

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+/home/llm/Projects/struts2-scaffold/src/main/java/com/example/struts2/interceptor/ValidationInterceptor.java
+/home/llm/Projects/struts2-scaffold/src/main/java/com/example/struts2/HelloAction.java
+/home/llm/Projects/struts2-scaffold/src/main/java/com/example/struts2/interceptor/LoggingInterceptor.java
+/home/llm/Projects/struts2-scaffold/src/main/java/com/example/struts2/UserFormAction.java
+/home/llm/Projects/struts2-scaffold/src/main/java/com/example/struts2/interceptor/MonitorInterceptor.java
+/home/llm/Projects/struts2-scaffold/src/main/java/com/example/struts2/LearnAction.java
+/home/llm/Projects/struts2-scaffold/src/main/java/com/example/struts2/interceptor/TimingInterceptor.java
+/home/llm/Projects/struts2-scaffold/src/main/java/com/example/struts2/InterceptorDemoAction.java
+/home/llm/Projects/struts2-scaffold/src/main/java/com/example/struts2/CalculatorAction.java
+/home/llm/Projects/struts2-scaffold/src/main/java/com/example/struts2/interceptor/RateLimitInterceptor.java

target/struts2-scaffold-1.0.0/WEB-INF/classes/struts.xml

@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE struts PUBLIC
+    "-//Apache Software Foundation//DTD Struts Configuration 6.0//EN"
+    "http://struts.apache.org/dtds/struts-6.0.dtd">
+<struts>
+    <!-- 开发模式 -->
+    <constant name="struts.devMode" value="true" />
+    <constant name="struts.enable.DynamicMethodInvocation" value="true" />
+    <constant name="struts.action.extension" value="action,," />
+    
+    <package name="default" namespace="/" extends="struts-default">
+        
+        <!-- ========== 自定义拦截器配置 ========== -->
+        <interceptors>
+            <interceptor name="logging" class="com.example.struts2.interceptor.LoggingInterceptor"/>
+            <interceptor name="timing" class="com.example.struts2.interceptor.TimingInterceptor"/>
+            <interceptor name="rateLimit" class="com.example.struts2.interceptor.RateLimitInterceptor"/>
+            <interceptor name="validation" class="com.example.struts2.interceptor.ValidationInterceptor"/>
+            <interceptor name="monitor" class="com.example.struts2.interceptor.MonitorInterceptor"/>
+            
+            <interceptor-stack name="customStack">
+                <interceptor-ref name="logging"/>
+                <interceptor-ref name="timing"/>
+                <interceptor-ref name="monitor"/>
+                <interceptor-ref name="defaultStack"/>
+            </interceptor-stack>
+            
+            <interceptor-stack name="apiStack">
+                <interceptor-ref name="logging"/>
+                <interceptor-ref name="rateLimit">
+                    <param name="maxRequestsPerMinute">100</param>
+                </interceptor-ref>
+                <interceptor-ref name="validation"/>
+                <interceptor-ref name="timing"/>
+                <interceptor-ref name="defaultStack"/>
+            </interceptor-stack>
+        </interceptors>
+        
+        <!-- 默认拦截器栈 -->
+        <default-interceptor-ref name="customStack"/>
+        
+        <!-- 默认 Action -->
+        <default-action-ref name="index" />
+        
+        <!-- 全局结果 -->
+        <global-results>
+            <result name="rateLimitExceeded">/error-rate-limit.jsp</result>
+            <result name="invalidInput">/error-invalid-input.jsp</result>
+        </global-results>
+        
+        <!-- ========== Actions ========== -->
+        <action name="index">
+            <result>/index.jsp</result>
+        </action>
+        
+        <action name="hello" class="com.example.struts2.HelloAction">
+            <result>/hello.jsp</result>
+        </action>
+        
+        <action name="learn" class="com.example.struts2.LearnAction">
+            <result>/learn.jsp</result>
+        </action>
+        
+        <action name="interceptor" class="com.example.struts2.InterceptorDemoAction">
+            <result>/interceptor-demo.jsp</result>
+        </action>
+        
+        <action name="interceptor_api" class="com.example.struts2.InterceptorDemoAction">
+            <interceptor-ref name="apiStack"/>
+            <result>/interceptor-demo.jsp</result>
+        </action>
+        
+        <action name="calc" class="com.example.struts2.CalculatorAction">
+            <result>/calculator.jsp</result>
+        </action>
+        
+        <action name="calc_execute" class="com.example.struts2.CalculatorAction" method="calculate">
+            <result>/calculator.jsp</result>
+            <result name="input">/calculator.jsp</result>
+        </action>
+        
+        <action name="user" class="com.example.struts2.UserFormAction" method="list">
+            <result>/user-list.jsp</result>
+        </action>
+        
+        <action name="user_add" class="com.example.struts2.UserFormAction" method="add">
+            <result type="redirectAction">user</result>
+        </action>
+        
+        <action name="user_edit" class="com.example.struts2.UserFormAction" method="edit">
+            <result>/user-form.jsp</result>
+        </action>
+        
+        <action name="user_update" class="com.example.struts2.UserFormAction" method="update">
+            <result type="redirectAction">user</result>
+        </action>
+        
+        <action name="user_delete" class="com.example.struts2.UserFormAction" method="delete">
+            <result type="redirectAction">user</result>
+        </action>
+        
+    </package>
+</struts>

target/struts2-scaffold-1.0.0/WEB-INF/web.xml

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<web-app xmlns="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee"
+         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
+         xsi:schemaLocation="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee 
+                             http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_4_0.xsd"
+         version="4.0">
+    
+    <display-name>Struts2 Scaffold</display-name>
+    
+    <!-- Struts2 核心过滤器 -->
+    <filter>
+        <filter-name>struts2</filter-name>
+        <filter-class>org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.filter.StrutsPrepareAndExecuteFilter</filter-class>
+    </filter>
+    
+    <filter-mapping>
+        <filter-name>struts2</filter-name>
+        <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
+    </filter-mapping>
+    
+    <!-- 欢迎页 -->
+    <welcome-file-list>
+        <welcome-file>index.jsp</welcome-file>
+    </welcome-file-list>
+    
+</web-app>

target/struts2-scaffold-1.0.0/calculator.jsp

@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
+<%@ taglib prefix="s" uri="/struts-tags" %>
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+    <title>计算器 - Struts2 表单示例</title>
+    <style>
+        body { font-family: Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 600px; margin: 50px auto; padding: 20px; }
+        h1 { color: #e74c3c; }
+        .form-group { margin: 15px 0; }
+        label { display: inline-block; width: 100px; }
+        input, select { padding: 8px; font-size: 14px; }
+        button { background: #3498db; color: white; padding: 10px 20px; border: none; cursor: pointer; }
+        button:hover { background: #2980b9; }
+        .result { background: #2ecc71; color: white; padding: 15px; margin: 20px 0; border-radius: 5px; }
+        .error { color: #e74c3c; font-size: 12px; }
+        .tip { background: #f9f9f9; padding: 15px; border-left: 4px solid #3498db; margin: 20px 0; }
+        .quickbar { background:#fff7e6; padding:12px; border-left:4px solid #fa8c16; margin:20px 0; border-radius:6px; }
+        .quickbar button { margin-right:8px; }
+    </style>
+</head>
+<body>
+    <h1>🔢 计算器 - Struts2 表单示例</h1>
+    
+    <s:if test="result != null">
+        <div class="result">
+            计算结果: <s:property value="num1"/> 
+            <s:property value="operator"/> 
+            <s:property value="num2"/> 
+            = <s:property value="result"/>
+        </div>
+    </s:if>
+    
+    <div class="quickbar">
+        <strong>快速实验：</strong>
+        <button type="button" onclick="fillExample(12, '+', 8)">填入正确示例</button>
+        <button type="button" onclick="fillExample(12, '/', 0)">填入除零错误</button>
+        <button type="button" onclick="fillExample('', '*', '')">填入校验错误</button>
+    </div>
+
+    <s:form action="calc_execute" method="post">
+        <div class="form-group">
+            <label>数字 1:</label>
+            <s:textfield name="num1" placeholder="输入第一个数字"/>
+            <s:fielderror fieldName="num1" cssClass="error"/>
+        </div>
+        
+        <div class="form-group">
+            <label>运算符:</label>
+            <s:select name="operator" list="{'+', '-', '*', '/'}" headerKey="" headerValue="选择运算符"/>
+        </div>
+        
+        <div class="form-group">
+            <label>数字 2:</label>
+            <s:textfield name="num2" placeholder="输入第二个数字"/>
+            <s:fielderror fieldName="num2" cssClass="error"/>
+        </div>
+        
+        <div class="form-group">
+            <button type="submit">计算</button>
+        </div>
+    </s:form>
+    
+    <div class="tip">
+        <strong>学习点:</strong>
+        <ul>
+            <li><code>name</code> 属性对应 Action 的 setter 方法</li>
+            <li><code>&lt;s:fielderror&gt;</code> 显示验证错误</li>
+            <li><code>validate()</code> 方法进行数据验证</li>
+        </ul>
+    </div>
+    
+    <p><a href="learn">← 返回学习中心</a></p>
+
+    <script>
+        function fillExample(n1, op, n2) {
+            const fields = document.querySelectorAll('input[type="text"]');
+            const select = document.querySelector('select');
+            if (fields[0]) fields[0].value = n1;
+            if (select) select.value = op;
+            if (fields[1]) fields[1].value = n2;
+        }
+    </script>
+</body>
+</html>

target/struts2-scaffold-1.0.0/error-invalid-input.jsp

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+    <title>参数无效</title>
+    <style>
+        body { font-family: Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 600px; margin: 100px auto; padding: 20px; text-align: center; }
+        h1 { color: #e74c3c; }
+        .error-box { background: #fdeaea; border: 1px solid #e74c3c; padding: 30px; border-radius: 10px; }
+        .info { color: #7f8c8d; margin-top: 20px; }
+    </style>
+</head>
+<body>
+    <div class="error-box">
+        <h1>🚫 检测到无效参数</h1>
+        <p>您的请求包含可疑内容，已被拦截。</p>
+        <p class="info">此页面由 ValidationInterceptor 拦截器生成</p>
+    </div>
+    <p><a href="learn">← 返回学习中心</a></p>
+</body>
+</html>

target/struts2-scaffold-1.0.0/error-rate-limit.jsp

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+    <title>请求过于频繁</title>
+    <style>
+        body { font-family: Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 600px; margin: 100px auto; padding: 20px; text-align: center; }
+        h1 { color: #e74c3c; }
+        .error-box { background: #fdeaea; border: 1px solid #e74c3c; padding: 30px; border-radius: 10px; }
+        .info { color: #7f8c8d; margin-top: 20px; }
+    </style>
+</head>
+<body>
+    <div class="error-box">
+        <h1>⚠️ 请求过于频繁</h1>
+        <p>您的请求次数超过限制，请稍后再试。</p>
+        <p class="info">此页面由 RateLimitInterceptor 拦截器生成</p>
+    </div>
+    <p><a href="learn">← 返回学习中心</a></p>
+</body>
+</html>

target/struts2-scaffold-1.0.0/hello.jsp

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head><title>Struts2 Scaffold</title></head>
+<body>
+    <h1>${message}</h1>
+    <p>Struts2 脚手架部署中...</p>
+</body>
+</html>

target/struts2-scaffold-1.0.0/index.jsp

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+    <title>Struts2 Scaffold</title>
+    <style>
+        body { font-family: Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 800px; margin: 50px auto; padding: 20px; text-align: center; }
+        h1 { color: #e74c3c; font-size: 2.5em; }
+        .links { margin: 30px 0; }
+        .links a { display: inline-block; background: #3498db; color: white; padding: 15px 30px; margin: 10px; text-decoration: none; border-radius: 5px; }
+        .links a:hover { background: #2980b9; }
+        .links a.learn { background: #2ecc71; }
+        .links a.learn:hover { background: #27ae60; }
+        .info { color: #7f8c8d; margin-top: 40px; }
+    </style>
+</head>
+<body>
+    <h1>🚀 Struts2 Scaffold</h1>
+    <p>Struts2 学习脚手架已启动！</p>
+    
+    <div class="links">
+        <a href="learn" class="learn">📚 学习中心</a>
+    </div>
+    
+    <div class="links">
+        <a href="hello">Hello 示例</a>
+        <a href="calc">计算器</a>
+        <a href="user">用户管理</a>
+    </div>
+    
+    <p class="info">Powered by Struts2 + Jetty</p>
+</body>
+</html>

target/struts2-scaffold-1.0.0/interceptor-demo.jsp

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
+<%@ taglib prefix="s" uri="/struts-tags" %>
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+    <title>拦截器演示 - Struts2</title>
+    <style>
+        body { font-family: Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 900px; margin: 50px auto; padding: 20px; }
+        h1 { color: #e74c3c; }
+        h2 { color: #3498db; border-bottom: 2px solid #3498db; padding-bottom: 10px; }
+        .card { background: #f9f9f9; padding: 20px; margin: 15px 0; border-radius: 8px; }
+        .card h3 { margin-top: 0; color: #2c3e50; }
+        code { background: #eee; padding: 2px 6px; border-radius: 3px; }
+        pre { background: #2c3e50; color: #ecf0f1; padding: 15px; border-radius: 5px; overflow-x: auto; }
+        table { width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 10px 0; }
+        th, td { border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left; }
+        th { background: #3498db; color: white; }
+        .time { color: #27ae60; font-weight: bold; }
+        .api-link { display: inline-block; background: #9b59b6; color: white; padding: 10px 20px; 
+                    text-decoration: none; border-radius: 5px; margin: 5px; }
+        .lab { background:#fff7e6; border-left:4px solid #fa8c16; padding:15px; border-radius:8px; margin:20px 0; }
+    </style>
+</head>
+<body>
+    <h1>🛡️ Struts2 拦截器演示</h1>
+
+    <div class="lab">
+        <strong>实验观察点：</strong>
+        <ul>
+            <li>连续刷新页面，观察 Action 调用次数如何累积</li>
+            <li>切换到“API 限流栈”，理解为什么拦截器顺序会影响结果</li>
+            <li>注意执行时间显示，这就是拦截器注入到 request 的数据</li>
+        </ul>
+    </div>
+    
+    <div class="card">
+        <h3>📊 执行统计</h3>
+        <p>本次请求执行时间: <span class="time"><s:property value="executionTime / 1000000.0"/> ms</span></p>
+        
+        <h4>Action 调用统计:</h4>
+        <table>
+            <tr><th>Action</th><th>调用次数</th></tr>
+            <s:iterator value="interceptorStats" var="entry">
+                <tr>
+                    <td><s:property value="#entry.key"/></td>
+                    <td><s:property value="#entry.value"/></td>
+                </tr>
+            </s:iterator>
+        </table>
+    </div>
+    
+    <div class="card">
+        <h3>🔗 拦截器链演示</h3>
+        <p>当前使用: <code>customStack</code> (日志 + 计时 + 监控 + 默认栈)</p>
+        <a class="api-link" href="interceptor_api">使用 API 限流栈</a>
+        <p>API 栈包含: 日志 + 限流 + 验证 + 计时 + 默认栈</p>
+    </div>
+    
+    <div class="card">
+        <h3>📚 拦截器执行顺序</h3>
+        <pre>
+请求 → LoggingInterceptor → TimingInterceptor → MonitorInterceptor → Action
+响应 ← LoggingInterceptor ← TimingInterceptor ← MonitorInterceptor ← Result
+        </pre>
+        <p><strong>注意:</strong> 拦截器像洋葱一样，先进入的后退出</p>
+    </div>
+    
+    <div class="card">
+        <h3>💡 拦截器核心概念</h3>
+        <ul>
+            <li><strong>Interceptor 接口:</strong> init() → intercept() → destroy()</li>
+            <li><strong>intercept() 方法:</strong> 调用 invocation.invoke() 继续链</li>
+            <li><strong>拦截器栈:</strong> 多个拦截器按顺序组成链</li>
+            <li><strong>责任链模式:</strong> 每个拦截器决定是否继续</li>
+        </ul>
+    </div>
+    
+    <p><a href="learn">← 返回学习中心</a></p>
+</body>
+</html>

target/struts2-scaffold-1.0.0/learn.jsp

@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
+<%@ taglib prefix="s" uri="/struts-tags" %>
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+    <title>Struts2 学习中心</title>
+    <style>
+        body { font-family: Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 900px; margin: 50px auto; padding: 20px; }
+        h1 { color: #e74c3c; }
+        h2 { color: #3498db; border-bottom: 2px solid #3498db; padding-bottom: 10px; }
+        .card { background: #f5f5f5; padding: 20px; border-radius: 8px; margin: 20px 0; }
+        .card h3 { margin-top: 0; }
+        ul { line-height: 2; }
+        a { color: #3498db; text-decoration: none; }
+        a:hover { text-decoration: underline; }
+        .btn { display: inline-block; background: #3498db; color: white; padding: 10px 20px; 
+                border-radius: 5px; margin: 5px; }
+        .btn:hover { text-decoration: none; background: #2980b9; }
+        .btn-green { background: #27ae60; }
+        .btn-purple { background: #9b59b6; }
+        code { background: #eee; padding: 2px 6px; border-radius: 3px; }
+        .lab { background:#fff7e6; border-left:4px solid #fa8c16; padding:15px; border-radius:8px; margin:20px 0; }
+        .quick-tools { display:flex; gap:10px; flex-wrap:wrap; margin-top:10px; }
+    </style>
+</head>
+<body>
+    <h1>🎓 Struts2 学习中心</h1>
+
+    <div class="lab">
+        <strong>🧪 学习任务卡</strong>
+        <ul>
+            <li>先点“拦截器演示”，观察执行统计和链路顺序</li>
+            <li>再点“计算器”，故意输入非法值体验 Struts2 验证</li>
+            <li>最后点“用户管理”，理解 Action + JSP + 表单提交流程</li>
+        </ul>
+        <div class="quick-tools">
+            <a class="btn btn-purple" href="interceptor">直接去拦截器实验</a>
+            <a class="btn" href="calc">直接去计算器实验</a>
+            <a class="btn btn-green" href="user">直接去用户管理实验</a>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+    
+    <div class="card">
+        <h3>🛡️ 拦截器 (核心特性)</h3>
+        <p>拦截器是 Struts2 最强大的特性之一，基于责任链模式实现 AOP。</p>
+        <div>
+            <a class="btn btn-purple" href="interceptor">拦截器演示</a>
+        </div>
+        <ul>
+            <li><a href="interceptor">LoggingInterceptor</a> - 日志记录</li>
+            <li><a href="interceptor">TimingInterceptor</a> - 性能计时</li>
+            <li><a href="interceptor">RateLimitInterceptor</a> - IP 限流</li>
+            <li><a href="interceptor">ValidationInterceptor</a> - 参数验证</li>
+            <li><a href="interceptor">MonitorInterceptor</a> - 状态监控</li>
+        </ul>
+    </div>
+    
+    <div class="card">
+        <h3>📝 基础示例</h3>
+        <div>
+            <a class="btn" href="hello">Hello World</a>
+            <a class="btn" href="calc">计算器</a>
+            <a class="btn btn-green" href="user">用户管理</a>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+    
+    <h2>📚 学习路径</h2>
+    
+    <div class="card">
+        <h3>1. MVC 架构</h3>
+        <ul>
+            <li><strong>Model:</strong> Action 类 + JavaBean</li>
+            <li><strong>View:</strong> JSP + Struts 标签库</li>
+            <li><strong>Controller:</strong> StrutsPrepareAndExecuteFilter</li>
+        </ul>
+    </div>
+    
+    <div class="card">
+        <h3>2. 拦截器机制</h3>
+        <ul>
+            <li><code>Interceptor</code> 接口: init() → intercept() → destroy()</li>
+            <li><code>interceptor-stack</code>: 组合多个拦截器</li>
+            <li>执行顺序: 责任链模式（先入后出）</li>
+        </ul>
+    </div>
+    
+    <div class="card">
+        <h3>3. OGNL 表达式</h3>
+        <ul>
+            <li><code>&lt;s:property value="name"/&gt;</code> - 输出属性</li>
+            <li><code>&lt;s:iterator value="list"&gt;</code> - 遍历集合</li>
+            <li><code>#request.key</code> - 访问 request</li>
+        </ul>
+    </div>
+    
+    <div class="card">
+        <h3>4. 项目结构</h3>
+        <pre>
+├── src/main/java/com/example/struts2/
+│   ├── action/          # Action 类
+│   └── interceptor/     # 自定义拦截器
+├── src/main/resources/
+│   └── struts.xml       # 核心配置
+└── src/main/webapp/
+    ├── WEB-INF/web.xml  # Servlet 配置
+    └── *.jsp            # 视图页面
+        </pre>
+    </div>
+    
+    <p><a href="/">← 返回首页</a></p>
+</body>
+</html>

target/struts2-scaffold-1.0.0/user-form.jsp

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
+<%@ taglib prefix="s" uri="/struts-tags" %>
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+    <title>用户表单 - Struts2</title>
+    <style>
+        body { font-family: Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 500px; margin: 50px auto; padding: 20px; }
+        h1 { color: #e74c3c; }
+        .form-group { margin: 15px 0; }
+        label { display: block; margin-bottom: 5px; font-weight: bold; }
+        input { width: 100%; padding: 10px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box; }
+        button { background: #3498db; color: white; padding: 12px 24px; border: none; cursor: pointer; margin-top: 10px; }
+        button:hover { background: #2980b9; }
+    </style>
+</head>
+<body>
+    <h1><s:if test="user.id == null">添加用户</s:if><s:else>编辑用户</s:else></h1>
+    
+    <s:form action="%{user.id == null ? 'user_add' : 'user_update'}" method="post">
+        <s:hidden name="user.id"/>
+        
+        <div class="form-group">
+            <label>姓名:</label>
+            <s:textfield name="user.name" placeholder="请输入姓名"/>
+        </div>
+        
+        <div class="form-group">
+            <label>邮箱:</label>
+            <s:textfield name="user.email" placeholder="请输入邮箱"/>
+        </div>
+        
+        <div class="form-group">
+            <label>年龄:</label>
+            <s:textfield name="user.age" placeholder="请输入年龄"/>
+        </div>
+        
+        <button type="submit">保存</button>
+    </s:form>
+    
+    <p><a href="user">← 返回用户列表</a></p>
+</body>
+</html>

target/struts2-scaffold-1.0.0/user-list.jsp

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
+<%@ taglib prefix="s" uri="/struts-tags" %>
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+    <title>用户管理 - Struts2 CRUD 示例</title>
+    <style>
+        body { font-family: Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 800px; margin: 50px auto; padding: 20px; }
+        h1 { color: #e74c3c; }
+        table { width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 20px 0; }
+        th, td { border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px; text-align: left; }
+        th { background: #3498db; color: white; }
+        tr:nth-child(even) { background: #f9f9f9; }
+        .btn { padding: 5px 10px; text-decoration: none; border-radius: 3px; margin-right: 5px; }
+        .btn-edit { background: #f39c12; color: white; }
+        .btn-delete { background: #e74c3c; color: white; }
+        .btn-add { background: #2ecc71; color: white; padding: 10px 20px; }
+        .tip { background: #f9f9f9; padding: 15px; border-left: 4px solid #3498db; margin: 20px 0; }
+    </style>
+</head>
+<body>
+    <h1>👥 用户管理 - Struts2 CRUD 示例</h1>
+    
+    <p><a class="btn btn-add" href="user_edit">+ 添加用户</a></p>
+    
+    <table>
+        <tr>
+            <th>ID</th>
+            <th>姓名</th>
+            <th>邮箱</th>
+            <th>年龄</th>
+            <th>操作</th>
+        </tr>
+        <s:iterator value="userList" var="u">
+            <tr>
+                <td><s:property value="#u.id"/></td>
+                <td><s:property value="#u.name"/></td>
+                <td><s:property value="#u.email"/></td>
+                <td><s:property value="#u.age"/></td>
+                <td>
+                    <a class="btn btn-edit" href="user_edit?id=<s:property value='#u.id'/>">编辑</a>
+                    <a class="btn btn-delete" href="user_delete?id=<s:property value='#u.id'/>" onclick="return confirm('确定删除?')">删除</a>
+                </td>
+            </tr>
+        </s:iterator>
+    </table>
+    
+    <div class="tip">
+        <strong>学习点:</strong>
+        <ul>
+            <li><code>&lt;s:iterator&gt;</code> 遍历集合</li>
+            <li><code>redirectAction</code> 结果类型实现 PRG 模式</li>
+            <li>动态方法调用处理不同操作</li>
+        </ul>
+    </div>
+    
+    <p><a href="learn">← 返回学习中心</a></p>
+</body>
+</html>

target/tmp/jsp/org/apache/jsp/calculator_jsp.java

@@ -0,0 +1,579 @@
+/*
+ * Generated by the Jasper component of Apache Tomcat
+ * Version: jetty/9.4.54.v20240208
+ * Generated at: 2026-03-12 22:22:00 UTC
+ * Note: The last modified time of this file was set to
+ *       the last modified time of the source file after
+ *       generation to assist with modification tracking.
+ */
+package org.apache.jsp;
+
+import javax.servlet.*;
+import javax.servlet.http.*;
+import javax.servlet.jsp.*;
+
+public final class calculator_jsp extends org.apache.jasper.runtime.HttpJspBase
+    implements org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspSourceDependent,
+                 org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspSourceImports {
+
+  private static final javax.servlet.jsp.JspFactory _jspxFactory =
+          javax.servlet.jsp.JspFactory.getDefaultFactory();
+
+  private static java.util.Map<java.lang.String,java.lang.Long> _jspx_dependants;
+
+  static {
+    _jspx_dependants = new java.util.HashMap<java.lang.String,java.lang.Long>(2);
+    _jspx_dependants.put("file:/home/llm/.m2/repository/org/apache/struts/struts2-core/6.4.0/struts2-core-6.4.0.jar", Long.valueOf(1772603570859L));
+    _jspx_dependants.put("jar:file:/home/llm/.m2/repository/org/apache/struts/struts2-core/6.4.0/struts2-core-6.4.0.jar!/META-INF/struts-tags.tld", Long.valueOf(1712452520000L));
+  }
+
+  private static final java.util.Set<java.lang.String> _jspx_imports_packages;
+
+  private static final java.util.Set<java.lang.String> _jspx_imports_classes;
+
+  static {
+    _jspx_imports_packages = new java.util.HashSet<>();
+    _jspx_imports_packages.add("javax.servlet");
+    _jspx_imports_packages.add("javax.servlet.http");
+    _jspx_imports_packages.add("javax.servlet.jsp");
+    _jspx_imports_classes = null;
+  }
+
+  private org.apache.jasper.runtime.TagHandlerPool _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fif_0026_005ftest;
+  private org.apache.jasper.runtime.TagHandlerPool _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fproperty_0026_005fvalue_005fnobody;
+  private org.apache.jasper.runtime.TagHandlerPool _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fform_0026_005fmethod_005faction;
+  private org.apache.jasper.runtime.TagHandlerPool _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005ftextfield_0026_005fplaceholder_005fname_005fnobody;
+  private org.apache.jasper.runtime.TagHandlerPool _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005ffielderror_0026_005ffieldName_005fcssClass_005fnobody;
+  private org.apache.jasper.runtime.TagHandlerPool _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fselect_0026_005fname_005flist_005fheaderValue_005fheaderKey_005fnobody;
+
+  private volatile javax.el.ExpressionFactory _el_expressionfactory;
+  private volatile org.apache.tomcat.InstanceManager _jsp_instancemanager;
+
+  public java.util.Map<java.lang.String,java.lang.Long> getDependants() {
+    return _jspx_dependants;
+  }
+
+  public java.util.Set<java.lang.String> getPackageImports() {
+    return _jspx_imports_packages;
+  }
+
+  public java.util.Set<java.lang.String> getClassImports() {
+    return _jspx_imports_classes;
+  }
+
+  public javax.el.ExpressionFactory _jsp_getExpressionFactory() {
+    if (_el_expressionfactory == null) {
+      synchronized (this) {
+        if (_el_expressionfactory == null) {
+          _el_expressionfactory = _jspxFactory.getJspApplicationContext(getServletConfig().getServletContext()).getExpressionFactory();
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return _el_expressionfactory;
+  }
+
+  public org.apache.tomcat.InstanceManager _jsp_getInstanceManager() {
+    if (_jsp_instancemanager == null) {
+      synchronized (this) {
+        if (_jsp_instancemanager == null) {
+          _jsp_instancemanager = org.apache.jasper.runtime.InstanceManagerFactory.getInstanceManager(getServletConfig());
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return _jsp_instancemanager;
+  }
+
+  public void _jspInit() {
+    _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fif_0026_005ftest = org.apache.jasper.runtime.TagHandlerPool.getTagHandlerPool(getServletConfig());
+    _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fproperty_0026_005fvalue_005fnobody = org.apache.jasper.runtime.TagHandlerPool.getTagHandlerPool(getServletConfig());
+    _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fform_0026_005fmethod_005faction = org.apache.jasper.runtime.TagHandlerPool.getTagHandlerPool(getServletConfig());
+    _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005ftextfield_0026_005fplaceholder_005fname_005fnobody = org.apache.jasper.runtime.TagHandlerPool.getTagHandlerPool(getServletConfig());
+    _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005ffielderror_0026_005ffieldName_005fcssClass_005fnobody = org.apache.jasper.runtime.TagHandlerPool.getTagHandlerPool(getServletConfig());
+    _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fselect_0026_005fname_005flist_005fheaderValue_005fheaderKey_005fnobody = org.apache.jasper.runtime.TagHandlerPool.getTagHandlerPool(getServletConfig());
+  }
+
+  public void _jspDestroy() {
+    _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fif_0026_005ftest.release();
+    _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fproperty_0026_005fvalue_005fnobody.release();
+    _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fform_0026_005fmethod_005faction.release();
+    _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005ftextfield_0026_005fplaceholder_005fname_005fnobody.release();
+    _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005ffielderror_0026_005ffieldName_005fcssClass_005fnobody.release();
+    _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fselect_0026_005fname_005flist_005fheaderValue_005fheaderKey_005fnobody.release();
+  }
+
+  public void _jspService(final javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest request, final javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse response)
+      throws java.io.IOException, javax.servlet.ServletException {
+
+    final java.lang.String _jspx_method = request.getMethod();
+    if (!"GET".equals(_jspx_method) && !"POST".equals(_jspx_method) && !"HEAD".equals(_jspx_method) && !javax.servlet.DispatcherType.ERROR.equals(request.getDispatcherType())) {
+      response.sendError(HttpServletResponse.SC_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED, "JSPs only permit GET, POST or HEAD. Jasper also permits OPTIONS");
+      return;
+    }
+
+    final javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext;
+    javax.servlet.http.HttpSession session = null;
+    final javax.servlet.ServletContext application;
+    final javax.servlet.ServletConfig config;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = null;
+    final java.lang.Object page = this;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter _jspx_out = null;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context = null;
+
+
+    try {
+      response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");
+      pageContext = _jspxFactory.getPageContext(this, request, response,
+      			null, true, 8192, true);
+      _jspx_page_context = pageContext;
+      application = pageContext.getServletContext();
+      config = pageContext.getServletConfig();
+      session = pageContext.getSession();
+      out = pageContext.getOut();
+      _jspx_out = out;
+
+      out.write("\n");
+      out.write("\n");
+      out.write("<!DOCTYPE html>\n");
+      out.write("<html>\n");
+      out.write("<head>\n");
+      out.write("    <meta charset=\"UTF-8\">\n");
+      out.write("    <title>计算器 - Struts2 表单示例</title>\n");
+      out.write("    <style>\n");
+      out.write("        body { font-family: Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 600px; margin: 50px auto; padding: 20px; }\n");
+      out.write("        h1 { color: #e74c3c; }\n");
+      out.write("        .form-group { margin: 15px 0; }\n");
+      out.write("        label { display: inline-block; width: 100px; }\n");
+      out.write("        input, select { padding: 8px; font-size: 14px; }\n");
+      out.write("        button { background: #3498db; color: white; padding: 10px 20px; border: none; cursor: pointer; }\n");
+      out.write("        button:hover { background: #2980b9; }\n");
+      out.write("        .result { background: #2ecc71; color: white; padding: 15px; margin: 20px 0; border-radius: 5px; }\n");
+      out.write("        .error { color: #e74c3c; font-size: 12px; }\n");
+      out.write("        .tip { background: #f9f9f9; padding: 15px; border-left: 4px solid #3498db; margin: 20px 0; }\n");
+      out.write("        .quickbar { background:#fff7e6; padding:12px; border-left:4px solid #fa8c16; margin:20px 0; border-radius:6px; }\n");
+      out.write("        .quickbar button { margin-right:8px; }\n");
+      out.write("    </style>\n");
+      out.write("</head>\n");
+      out.write("<body>\n");
+      out.write("    <h1>🔢 计算器 - Struts2 表单示例</h1>\n");
+      out.write("    \n");
+      out.write("    ");
+      if (_jspx_meth_s_005fif_005f0(_jspx_page_context))
+        return;
+      out.write("\n");
+      out.write("    \n");
+      out.write("    <div class=\"quickbar\">\n");
+      out.write("        <strong>快速实验：</strong>\n");
+      out.write("        <button type=\"button\" onclick=\"fillExample(12, '+', 8)\">填入正确示例</button>\n");
+      out.write("        <button type=\"button\" onclick=\"fillExample(12, '/', 0)\">填入除零错误</button>\n");
+      out.write("        <button type=\"button\" onclick=\"fillExample('', '*', '')\">填入校验错误</button>\n");
+      out.write("    </div>\n");
+      out.write("\n");
+      out.write("    ");
+      if (_jspx_meth_s_005fform_005f0(_jspx_page_context))
+        return;
+      out.write("\n");
+      out.write("    \n");
+      out.write("    <div class=\"tip\">\n");
+      out.write("        <strong>学习点:</strong>\n");
+      out.write("        <ul>\n");
+      out.write("            <li><code>name</code> 属性对应 Action 的 setter 方法</li>\n");
+      out.write("            <li><code>&lt;s:fielderror&gt;</code> 显示验证错误</li>\n");
+      out.write("            <li><code>validate()</code> 方法进行数据验证</li>\n");
+      out.write("        </ul>\n");
+      out.write("    </div>\n");
+      out.write("    \n");
+      out.write("    <p><a href=\"learn\">← 返回学习中心</a></p>\n");
+      out.write("\n");
+      out.write("    <script>\n");
+      out.write("        function fillExample(n1, op, n2) {\n");
+      out.write("            const fields = document.querySelectorAll('input[type=\"text\"]');\n");
+      out.write("            const select = document.querySelector('select');\n");
+      out.write("            if (fields[0]) fields[0].value = n1;\n");
+      out.write("            if (select) select.value = op;\n");
+      out.write("            if (fields[1]) fields[1].value = n2;\n");
+      out.write("        }\n");
+      out.write("    </script>\n");
+      out.write("</body>\n");
+      out.write("</html>\n");
+    } catch (java.lang.Throwable t) {
+      if (!(t instanceof javax.servlet.jsp.SkipPageException)){
+        out = _jspx_out;
+        if (out != null && out.getBufferSize() != 0)
+          try {
+            if (response.isCommitted()) {
+              out.flush();
+            } else {
+              out.clearBuffer();
+            }
+          } catch (java.io.IOException e) {}
+        if (_jspx_page_context != null) _jspx_page_context.handlePageException(t);
+        else throw new ServletException(t);
+      }
+    } finally {
+      _jspxFactory.releasePageContext(_jspx_page_context);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private boolean _jspx_meth_s_005fif_005f0(javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context)
+          throws java.lang.Throwable {
+    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext = _jspx_page_context;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = _jspx_page_context.getOut();
+    //  s:if
+    org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.IfTag _jspx_th_s_005fif_005f0 = (org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.IfTag) _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fif_0026_005ftest.get(org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.IfTag.class);
+    boolean _jspx_th_s_005fif_005f0_reused = false;
+    try {
+      _jspx_th_s_005fif_005f0.setPageContext(_jspx_page_context);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fif_005f0.setParent(null);
+      // /calculator.jsp(26,4) name = test type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = true fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005fif_005f0.setTest("result != null");
+      int _jspx_eval_s_005fif_005f0 = _jspx_th_s_005fif_005f0.doStartTag();
+      if (_jspx_eval_s_005fif_005f0 != javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_BODY) {
+        if (_jspx_eval_s_005fif_005f0 != javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.EVAL_BODY_INCLUDE) {
+          out = org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.startBufferedBody(_jspx_page_context, _jspx_th_s_005fif_005f0);
+        }
+        do {
+          out.write("\n");
+          out.write("        <div class=\"result\">\n");
+          out.write("            计算结果: ");
+          if (_jspx_meth_s_005fproperty_005f0(_jspx_th_s_005fif_005f0, _jspx_page_context))
+            return true;
+          out.write(" \n");
+          out.write("            ");
+          if (_jspx_meth_s_005fproperty_005f1(_jspx_th_s_005fif_005f0, _jspx_page_context))
+            return true;
+          out.write(" \n");
+          out.write("            ");
+          if (_jspx_meth_s_005fproperty_005f2(_jspx_th_s_005fif_005f0, _jspx_page_context))
+            return true;
+          out.write(" \n");
+          out.write("            = ");
+          if (_jspx_meth_s_005fproperty_005f3(_jspx_th_s_005fif_005f0, _jspx_page_context))
+            return true;
+          out.write("\n");
+          out.write("        </div>\n");
+          out.write("    ");
+          int evalDoAfterBody = _jspx_th_s_005fif_005f0.doAfterBody();
+          if (evalDoAfterBody != javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.BodyTag.EVAL_BODY_AGAIN)
+            break;
+        } while (true);
+        if (_jspx_eval_s_005fif_005f0 != javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.EVAL_BODY_INCLUDE) {
+          out = _jspx_page_context.popBody();
+        }
+      }
+      if (_jspx_th_s_005fif_005f0.doEndTag() == javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_PAGE) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fif_0026_005ftest.reuse(_jspx_th_s_005fif_005f0);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fif_005f0_reused = true;
+    } finally {
+      org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.releaseTag(_jspx_th_s_005fif_005f0, _jsp_getInstanceManager(), _jspx_th_s_005fif_005f0_reused);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  private boolean _jspx_meth_s_005fproperty_005f0(javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.JspTag _jspx_th_s_005fif_005f0, javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context)
+          throws java.lang.Throwable {
+    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext = _jspx_page_context;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = _jspx_page_context.getOut();
+    //  s:property
+    org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f0 = (org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag) _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fproperty_0026_005fvalue_005fnobody.get(org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag.class);
+    boolean _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f0_reused = false;
+    try {
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f0.setPageContext(_jspx_page_context);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f0.setParent((javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag) _jspx_th_s_005fif_005f0);
+      // /calculator.jsp(28,18) name = value type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f0.setValue("num1");
+      int _jspx_eval_s_005fproperty_005f0 = _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f0.doStartTag();
+      if (_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f0.doEndTag() == javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_PAGE) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fproperty_0026_005fvalue_005fnobody.reuse(_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f0);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f0_reused = true;
+    } finally {
+      org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.releaseTag(_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f0, _jsp_getInstanceManager(), _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f0_reused);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  private boolean _jspx_meth_s_005fproperty_005f1(javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.JspTag _jspx_th_s_005fif_005f0, javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context)
+          throws java.lang.Throwable {
+    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext = _jspx_page_context;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = _jspx_page_context.getOut();
+    //  s:property
+    org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f1 = (org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag) _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fproperty_0026_005fvalue_005fnobody.get(org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag.class);
+    boolean _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f1_reused = false;
+    try {
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f1.setPageContext(_jspx_page_context);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f1.setParent((javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag) _jspx_th_s_005fif_005f0);
+      // /calculator.jsp(29,12) name = value type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f1.setValue("operator");
+      int _jspx_eval_s_005fproperty_005f1 = _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f1.doStartTag();
+      if (_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f1.doEndTag() == javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_PAGE) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fproperty_0026_005fvalue_005fnobody.reuse(_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f1);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f1_reused = true;
+    } finally {
+      org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.releaseTag(_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f1, _jsp_getInstanceManager(), _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f1_reused);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  private boolean _jspx_meth_s_005fproperty_005f2(javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.JspTag _jspx_th_s_005fif_005f0, javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context)
+          throws java.lang.Throwable {
+    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext = _jspx_page_context;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = _jspx_page_context.getOut();
+    //  s:property
+    org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f2 = (org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag) _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fproperty_0026_005fvalue_005fnobody.get(org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag.class);
+    boolean _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f2_reused = false;
+    try {
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f2.setPageContext(_jspx_page_context);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f2.setParent((javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag) _jspx_th_s_005fif_005f0);
+      // /calculator.jsp(30,12) name = value type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f2.setValue("num2");
+      int _jspx_eval_s_005fproperty_005f2 = _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f2.doStartTag();
+      if (_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f2.doEndTag() == javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_PAGE) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fproperty_0026_005fvalue_005fnobody.reuse(_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f2);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f2_reused = true;
+    } finally {
+      org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.releaseTag(_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f2, _jsp_getInstanceManager(), _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f2_reused);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  private boolean _jspx_meth_s_005fproperty_005f3(javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.JspTag _jspx_th_s_005fif_005f0, javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context)
+          throws java.lang.Throwable {
+    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext = _jspx_page_context;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = _jspx_page_context.getOut();
+    //  s:property
+    org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f3 = (org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag) _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fproperty_0026_005fvalue_005fnobody.get(org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag.class);
+    boolean _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f3_reused = false;
+    try {
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f3.setPageContext(_jspx_page_context);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f3.setParent((javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag) _jspx_th_s_005fif_005f0);
+      // /calculator.jsp(31,14) name = value type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f3.setValue("result");
+      int _jspx_eval_s_005fproperty_005f3 = _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f3.doStartTag();
+      if (_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f3.doEndTag() == javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_PAGE) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fproperty_0026_005fvalue_005fnobody.reuse(_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f3);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f3_reused = true;
+    } finally {
+      org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.releaseTag(_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f3, _jsp_getInstanceManager(), _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f3_reused);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  private boolean _jspx_meth_s_005fform_005f0(javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context)
+          throws java.lang.Throwable {
+    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext = _jspx_page_context;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = _jspx_page_context.getOut();
+    //  s:form
+    org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.FormTag _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0 = (org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.FormTag) _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fform_0026_005fmethod_005faction.get(org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.FormTag.class);
+    boolean _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0_reused = false;
+    try {
+      _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0.setPageContext(_jspx_page_context);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0.setParent(null);
+      // /calculator.jsp(42,4) name = action type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0.setAction("calc_execute");
+      // /calculator.jsp(42,4) name = method type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0.setMethod("post");
+      int _jspx_eval_s_005fform_005f0 = _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0.doStartTag();
+      if (_jspx_eval_s_005fform_005f0 != javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_BODY) {
+        if (_jspx_eval_s_005fform_005f0 != javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.EVAL_BODY_INCLUDE) {
+          out = org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.startBufferedBody(_jspx_page_context, _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0);
+        }
+        do {
+          out.write("\n");
+          out.write("        <div class=\"form-group\">\n");
+          out.write("            <label>数字 1:</label>\n");
+          out.write("            ");
+          if (_jspx_meth_s_005ftextfield_005f0(_jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0, _jspx_page_context))
+            return true;
+          out.write("\n");
+          out.write("            ");
+          if (_jspx_meth_s_005ffielderror_005f0(_jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0, _jspx_page_context))
+            return true;
+          out.write("\n");
+          out.write("        </div>\n");
+          out.write("        \n");
+          out.write("        <div class=\"form-group\">\n");
+          out.write("            <label>运算符:</label>\n");
+          out.write("            ");
+          if (_jspx_meth_s_005fselect_005f0(_jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0, _jspx_page_context))
+            return true;
+          out.write("\n");
+          out.write("        </div>\n");
+          out.write("        \n");
+          out.write("        <div class=\"form-group\">\n");
+          out.write("            <label>数字 2:</label>\n");
+          out.write("            ");
+          if (_jspx_meth_s_005ftextfield_005f1(_jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0, _jspx_page_context))
+            return true;
+          out.write("\n");
+          out.write("            ");
+          if (_jspx_meth_s_005ffielderror_005f1(_jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0, _jspx_page_context))
+            return true;
+          out.write("\n");
+          out.write("        </div>\n");
+          out.write("        \n");
+          out.write("        <div class=\"form-group\">\n");
+          out.write("            <button type=\"submit\">计算</button>\n");
+          out.write("        </div>\n");
+          out.write("    ");
+          int evalDoAfterBody = _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0.doAfterBody();
+          if (evalDoAfterBody != javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.BodyTag.EVAL_BODY_AGAIN)
+            break;
+        } while (true);
+        if (_jspx_eval_s_005fform_005f0 != javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.EVAL_BODY_INCLUDE) {
+          out = _jspx_page_context.popBody();
+        }
+      }
+      if (_jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0.doEndTag() == javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_PAGE) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fform_0026_005fmethod_005faction.reuse(_jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0_reused = true;
+    } finally {
+      org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.releaseTag(_jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0, _jsp_getInstanceManager(), _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0_reused);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  private boolean _jspx_meth_s_005ftextfield_005f0(javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.JspTag _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0, javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context)
+          throws java.lang.Throwable {
+    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext = _jspx_page_context;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = _jspx_page_context.getOut();
+    //  s:textfield
+    org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.TextFieldTag _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f0 = (org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.TextFieldTag) _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005ftextfield_0026_005fplaceholder_005fname_005fnobody.get(org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.TextFieldTag.class);
+    boolean _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f0_reused = false;
+    try {
+      _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f0.setPageContext(_jspx_page_context);
+      _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f0.setParent((javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag) _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0);
+      // /calculator.jsp(45,12) name = name type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f0.setName("num1");
+      // /calculator.jsp(45,12) null
+      _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f0.setDynamicAttribute(null, "placeholder", "输入第一个数字");
+      int _jspx_eval_s_005ftextfield_005f0 = _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f0.doStartTag();
+      if (_jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f0.doEndTag() == javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_PAGE) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005ftextfield_0026_005fplaceholder_005fname_005fnobody.reuse(_jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f0);
+      _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f0_reused = true;
+    } finally {
+      org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.releaseTag(_jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f0, _jsp_getInstanceManager(), _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f0_reused);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  private boolean _jspx_meth_s_005ffielderror_005f0(javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.JspTag _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0, javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context)
+          throws java.lang.Throwable {
+    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext = _jspx_page_context;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = _jspx_page_context.getOut();
+    //  s:fielderror
+    org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.FieldErrorTag _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f0 = (org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.FieldErrorTag) _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005ffielderror_0026_005ffieldName_005fcssClass_005fnobody.get(org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.FieldErrorTag.class);
+    boolean _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f0_reused = false;
+    try {
+      _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f0.setPageContext(_jspx_page_context);
+      _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f0.setParent((javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag) _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0);
+      // /calculator.jsp(46,12) name = fieldName type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f0.setFieldName("num1");
+      // /calculator.jsp(46,12) name = cssClass type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f0.setCssClass("error");
+      int _jspx_eval_s_005ffielderror_005f0 = _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f0.doStartTag();
+      if (_jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f0.doEndTag() == javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_PAGE) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005ffielderror_0026_005ffieldName_005fcssClass_005fnobody.reuse(_jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f0);
+      _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f0_reused = true;
+    } finally {
+      org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.releaseTag(_jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f0, _jsp_getInstanceManager(), _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f0_reused);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  private boolean _jspx_meth_s_005fselect_005f0(javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.JspTag _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0, javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context)
+          throws java.lang.Throwable {
+    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext = _jspx_page_context;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = _jspx_page_context.getOut();
+    //  s:select
+    org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.SelectTag _jspx_th_s_005fselect_005f0 = (org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.SelectTag) _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fselect_0026_005fname_005flist_005fheaderValue_005fheaderKey_005fnobody.get(org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.SelectTag.class);
+    boolean _jspx_th_s_005fselect_005f0_reused = false;
+    try {
+      _jspx_th_s_005fselect_005f0.setPageContext(_jspx_page_context);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fselect_005f0.setParent((javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag) _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0);
+      // /calculator.jsp(51,12) name = name type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005fselect_005f0.setName("operator");
+      // /calculator.jsp(51,12) name = list type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = true fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005fselect_005f0.setList("{'+', '-', '*', '/'}");
+      // /calculator.jsp(51,12) name = headerKey type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005fselect_005f0.setHeaderKey("");
+      // /calculator.jsp(51,12) name = headerValue type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005fselect_005f0.setHeaderValue("选择运算符");
+      int _jspx_eval_s_005fselect_005f0 = _jspx_th_s_005fselect_005f0.doStartTag();
+      if (_jspx_th_s_005fselect_005f0.doEndTag() == javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_PAGE) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fselect_0026_005fname_005flist_005fheaderValue_005fheaderKey_005fnobody.reuse(_jspx_th_s_005fselect_005f0);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fselect_005f0_reused = true;
+    } finally {
+      org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.releaseTag(_jspx_th_s_005fselect_005f0, _jsp_getInstanceManager(), _jspx_th_s_005fselect_005f0_reused);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  private boolean _jspx_meth_s_005ftextfield_005f1(javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.JspTag _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0, javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context)
+          throws java.lang.Throwable {
+    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext = _jspx_page_context;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = _jspx_page_context.getOut();
+    //  s:textfield
+    org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.TextFieldTag _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f1 = (org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.TextFieldTag) _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005ftextfield_0026_005fplaceholder_005fname_005fnobody.get(org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.TextFieldTag.class);
+    boolean _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f1_reused = false;
+    try {
+      _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f1.setPageContext(_jspx_page_context);
+      _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f1.setParent((javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag) _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0);
+      // /calculator.jsp(56,12) name = name type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f1.setName("num2");
+      // /calculator.jsp(56,12) null
+      _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f1.setDynamicAttribute(null, "placeholder", "输入第二个数字");
+      int _jspx_eval_s_005ftextfield_005f1 = _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f1.doStartTag();
+      if (_jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f1.doEndTag() == javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_PAGE) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005ftextfield_0026_005fplaceholder_005fname_005fnobody.reuse(_jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f1);
+      _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f1_reused = true;
+    } finally {
+      org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.releaseTag(_jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f1, _jsp_getInstanceManager(), _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f1_reused);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  private boolean _jspx_meth_s_005ffielderror_005f1(javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.JspTag _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0, javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context)
+          throws java.lang.Throwable {
+    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext = _jspx_page_context;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = _jspx_page_context.getOut();
+    //  s:fielderror
+    org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.FieldErrorTag _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f1 = (org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.FieldErrorTag) _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005ffielderror_0026_005ffieldName_005fcssClass_005fnobody.get(org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.FieldErrorTag.class);
+    boolean _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f1_reused = false;
+    try {
+      _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f1.setPageContext(_jspx_page_context);
+      _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f1.setParent((javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag) _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0);
+      // /calculator.jsp(57,12) name = fieldName type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f1.setFieldName("num2");
+      // /calculator.jsp(57,12) name = cssClass type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f1.setCssClass("error");
+      int _jspx_eval_s_005ffielderror_005f1 = _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f1.doStartTag();
+      if (_jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f1.doEndTag() == javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_PAGE) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005ffielderror_0026_005ffieldName_005fcssClass_005fnobody.reuse(_jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f1);
+      _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f1_reused = true;
+    } finally {
+      org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.releaseTag(_jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f1, _jsp_getInstanceManager(), _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f1_reused);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+}

target/tmp/jsp/org/apache/jsp/hello_jsp.java

@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+/*
+ * Generated by the Jasper component of Apache Tomcat
+ * Version: jetty/9.4.54.v20240208
+ * Generated at: 2026-03-12 11:40:01 UTC
+ * Note: The last modified time of this file was set to
+ *       the last modified time of the source file after
+ *       generation to assist with modification tracking.
+ */
+package org.apache.jsp;
+
+import javax.servlet.*;
+import javax.servlet.http.*;
+import javax.servlet.jsp.*;
+
+public final class hello_jsp extends org.apache.jasper.runtime.HttpJspBase
+    implements org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspSourceDependent,
+                 org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspSourceImports {
+
+  private static final javax.servlet.jsp.JspFactory _jspxFactory =
+          javax.servlet.jsp.JspFactory.getDefaultFactory();
+
+  private static java.util.Map<java.lang.String,java.lang.Long> _jspx_dependants;
+
+  private static final java.util.Set<java.lang.String> _jspx_imports_packages;
+
+  private static final java.util.Set<java.lang.String> _jspx_imports_classes;
+
+  static {
+    _jspx_imports_packages = new java.util.HashSet<>();
+    _jspx_imports_packages.add("javax.servlet");
+    _jspx_imports_packages.add("javax.servlet.http");
+    _jspx_imports_packages.add("javax.servlet.jsp");
+    _jspx_imports_classes = null;
+  }
+
+  private volatile javax.el.ExpressionFactory _el_expressionfactory;
+  private volatile org.apache.tomcat.InstanceManager _jsp_instancemanager;
+
+  public java.util.Map<java.lang.String,java.lang.Long> getDependants() {
+    return _jspx_dependants;
+  }
+
+  public java.util.Set<java.lang.String> getPackageImports() {
+    return _jspx_imports_packages;
+  }
+
+  public java.util.Set<java.lang.String> getClassImports() {
+    return _jspx_imports_classes;
+  }
+
+  public javax.el.ExpressionFactory _jsp_getExpressionFactory() {
+    if (_el_expressionfactory == null) {
+      synchronized (this) {
+        if (_el_expressionfactory == null) {
+          _el_expressionfactory = _jspxFactory.getJspApplicationContext(getServletConfig().getServletContext()).getExpressionFactory();
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return _el_expressionfactory;
+  }
+
+  public org.apache.tomcat.InstanceManager _jsp_getInstanceManager() {
+    if (_jsp_instancemanager == null) {
+      synchronized (this) {
+        if (_jsp_instancemanager == null) {
+          _jsp_instancemanager = org.apache.jasper.runtime.InstanceManagerFactory.getInstanceManager(getServletConfig());
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return _jsp_instancemanager;
+  }
+
+  public void _jspInit() {
+  }
+
+  public void _jspDestroy() {
+  }
+
+  public void _jspService(final javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest request, final javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse response)
+      throws java.io.IOException, javax.servlet.ServletException {
+
+    final java.lang.String _jspx_method = request.getMethod();
+    if (!"GET".equals(_jspx_method) && !"POST".equals(_jspx_method) && !"HEAD".equals(_jspx_method) && !javax.servlet.DispatcherType.ERROR.equals(request.getDispatcherType())) {
+      response.sendError(HttpServletResponse.SC_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED, "JSPs only permit GET, POST or HEAD. Jasper also permits OPTIONS");
+      return;
+    }
+
+    final javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext;
+    javax.servlet.http.HttpSession session = null;
+    final javax.servlet.ServletContext application;
+    final javax.servlet.ServletConfig config;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = null;
+    final java.lang.Object page = this;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter _jspx_out = null;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context = null;
+
+
+    try {
+      response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");
+      pageContext = _jspxFactory.getPageContext(this, request, response,
+      			null, true, 8192, true);
+      _jspx_page_context = pageContext;
+      application = pageContext.getServletContext();
+      config = pageContext.getServletConfig();
+      session = pageContext.getSession();
+      out = pageContext.getOut();
+      _jspx_out = out;
+
+      out.write("\n");
+      out.write("<!DOCTYPE html>\n");
+      out.write("<html>\n");
+      out.write("<head>\n");
+      out.write("    <meta charset=\"UTF-8\">\n");
+      out.write("    <title>Hello 示例 - Struts2</title>\n");
+      out.write("    <style>\n");
+      out.write("        body { font-family: Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 900px; margin: 50px auto; padding: 20px; background:#f7f8fa; }\n");
+      out.write("        .card { background:#fff; border-radius:14px; padding:24px; box-shadow:0 4px 14px rgba(0,0,0,.06); margin-bottom:20px; }\n");
+      out.write("        h1 { color:#e74c3c; }\n");
+      out.write("        .msg { font-size:1.3em; color:#2c3e50; margin-top:10px; }\n");
+      out.write("        code { background:#f0f0f0; padding:2px 6px; border-radius:4px; }\n");
+      out.write("        .lab { background:#fff7e6; border-left:4px solid #fa8c16; padding:15px; border-radius:8px; }\n");
+      out.write("        a { color:#3498db; }\n");
+      out.write("    </style>\n");
+      out.write("</head>\n");
+      out.write("<body>\n");
+      out.write("    <div class=\"card\">\n");
+      out.write("        <h1>👋 Hello 示例</h1>\n");
+      out.write("        <p class=\"msg\">");
+      out.write((java.lang.String) org.apache.jasper.runtime.PageContextImpl.proprietaryEvaluate("${message}", java.lang.String.class, (javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext)_jspx_page_context, null));
+      out.write("</p>\n");
+      out.write("        <p>这是 Struts2 最基础的一条链路：浏览器请求 <code>/hello</code> → Struts2 匹配 Action → Action 返回结果名 → JSP 被渲染。</p>\n");
+      out.write("    </div>\n");
+      out.write("\n");
+      out.write("    <div class=\"lab\">\n");
+      out.write("        <strong>学习观察点</strong>\n");
+      out.write("        <ul>\n");
+      out.write("            <li>访问 URL：<code>/hello</code></li>\n");
+      out.write("            <li>对应配置：<code>struts.xml</code> 里的 <code>&lt;action name=\"hello\" ...&gt;</code></li>\n");
+      out.write("            <li>对应控制器：<code>HelloAction.execute()</code></li>\n");
+      out.write("            <li>视图页面：当前这个 <code>hello.jsp</code></li>\n");
+      out.write("        </ul>\n");
+      out.write("    </div>\n");
+      out.write("\n");
+      out.write("    <div class=\"card\">\n");
+      out.write("        <h3>🔍 为什么这个例子重要</h3>\n");
+      out.write("        <p>很多人一开始学 Struts2，会直接被拦截器、标签库、OGNL、配置文件吓到。Hello 示例的价值在于：先把“请求如何进来、结果如何出去”这条最小主线跑通，再去理解更复杂的机制。</p>\n");
+      out.write("    </div>\n");
+      out.write("\n");
+      out.write("    <p><a href=\"learn\">← 返回学习中心</a></p>\n");
+      out.write("</body>\n");
+      out.write("</html>\n");
+    } catch (java.lang.Throwable t) {
+      if (!(t instanceof javax.servlet.jsp.SkipPageException)){
+        out = _jspx_out;
+        if (out != null && out.getBufferSize() != 0)
+          try {
+            if (response.isCommitted()) {
+              out.flush();
+            } else {
+              out.clearBuffer();
+            }
+          } catch (java.io.IOException e) {}
+        if (_jspx_page_context != null) _jspx_page_context.handlePageException(t);
+        else throw new ServletException(t);
+      }
+    } finally {
+      _jspxFactory.releasePageContext(_jspx_page_context);
+    }
+  }
+}

target/tmp/jsp/org/apache/jsp/index_jsp.java

@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+/*
+ * Generated by the Jasper component of Apache Tomcat
+ * Version: jetty/9.4.54.v20240208
+ * Generated at: 2026-03-12 11:39:53 UTC
+ * Note: The last modified time of this file was set to
+ *       the last modified time of the source file after
+ *       generation to assist with modification tracking.
+ */
+package org.apache.jsp;
+
+import javax.servlet.*;
+import javax.servlet.http.*;
+import javax.servlet.jsp.*;
+
+public final class index_jsp extends org.apache.jasper.runtime.HttpJspBase
+    implements org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspSourceDependent,
+                 org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspSourceImports {
+
+  private static final javax.servlet.jsp.JspFactory _jspxFactory =
+          javax.servlet.jsp.JspFactory.getDefaultFactory();
+
+  private static java.util.Map<java.lang.String,java.lang.Long> _jspx_dependants;
+
+  private static final java.util.Set<java.lang.String> _jspx_imports_packages;
+
+  private static final java.util.Set<java.lang.String> _jspx_imports_classes;
+
+  static {
+    _jspx_imports_packages = new java.util.HashSet<>();
+    _jspx_imports_packages.add("javax.servlet");
+    _jspx_imports_packages.add("javax.servlet.http");
+    _jspx_imports_packages.add("javax.servlet.jsp");
+    _jspx_imports_classes = null;
+  }
+
+  private volatile javax.el.ExpressionFactory _el_expressionfactory;
+  private volatile org.apache.tomcat.InstanceManager _jsp_instancemanager;
+
+  public java.util.Map<java.lang.String,java.lang.Long> getDependants() {
+    return _jspx_dependants;
+  }
+
+  public java.util.Set<java.lang.String> getPackageImports() {
+    return _jspx_imports_packages;
+  }
+
+  public java.util.Set<java.lang.String> getClassImports() {
+    return _jspx_imports_classes;
+  }
+
+  public javax.el.ExpressionFactory _jsp_getExpressionFactory() {
+    if (_el_expressionfactory == null) {
+      synchronized (this) {
+        if (_el_expressionfactory == null) {
+          _el_expressionfactory = _jspxFactory.getJspApplicationContext(getServletConfig().getServletContext()).getExpressionFactory();
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return _el_expressionfactory;
+  }
+
+  public org.apache.tomcat.InstanceManager _jsp_getInstanceManager() {
+    if (_jsp_instancemanager == null) {
+      synchronized (this) {
+        if (_jsp_instancemanager == null) {
+          _jsp_instancemanager = org.apache.jasper.runtime.InstanceManagerFactory.getInstanceManager(getServletConfig());
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return _jsp_instancemanager;
+  }
+
+  public void _jspInit() {
+  }
+
+  public void _jspDestroy() {
+  }
+
+  public void _jspService(final javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest request, final javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse response)
+      throws java.io.IOException, javax.servlet.ServletException {
+
+    final java.lang.String _jspx_method = request.getMethod();
+    if (!"GET".equals(_jspx_method) && !"POST".equals(_jspx_method) && !"HEAD".equals(_jspx_method) && !javax.servlet.DispatcherType.ERROR.equals(request.getDispatcherType())) {
+      response.sendError(HttpServletResponse.SC_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED, "JSPs only permit GET, POST or HEAD. Jasper also permits OPTIONS");
+      return;
+    }
+
+    final javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext;
+    javax.servlet.http.HttpSession session = null;
+    final javax.servlet.ServletContext application;
+    final javax.servlet.ServletConfig config;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = null;
+    final java.lang.Object page = this;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter _jspx_out = null;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context = null;
+
+
+    try {
+      response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");
+      pageContext = _jspxFactory.getPageContext(this, request, response,
+      			null, true, 8192, true);
+      _jspx_page_context = pageContext;
+      application = pageContext.getServletContext();
+      config = pageContext.getServletConfig();
+      session = pageContext.getSession();
+      out = pageContext.getOut();
+      _jspx_out = out;
+
+      out.write("\n");
+      out.write("<!DOCTYPE html>\n");
+      out.write("<html>\n");
+      out.write("<head>\n");
+      out.write("    <meta charset=\"UTF-8\">\n");
+      out.write("    <title>Struts2 Learning Scaffold</title>\n");
+      out.write("    <style>\n");
+      out.write("        body { font-family: Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 1100px; margin: 40px auto; padding: 20px; background:#f7f8fa; }\n");
+      out.write("        .hero { background: linear-gradient(135deg,#ff7e5f,#feb47b); color:#fff; padding:30px; border-radius:16px; }\n");
+      out.write("        .hero h1 { margin:0 0 10px; font-size:2.4em; }\n");
+      out.write("        .hero p { font-size:1.1em; opacity: .95; }\n");
+      out.write("        .grid { display:grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(260px, 1fr)); gap:18px; margin-top:24px; }\n");
+      out.write("        .card { background:#fff; border-radius:14px; padding:20px; box-shadow:0 4px 14px rgba(0,0,0,.06); }\n");
+      out.write("        .card h3 { margin-top:0; color:#e74c3c; }\n");
+      out.write("        .btn { display:inline-block; background:#3498db; color:#fff; padding:10px 18px; margin-top:10px; text-decoration:none; border-radius:8px; }\n");
+      out.write("        .btn:hover { background:#2980b9; }\n");
+      out.write("        .btn.green { background:#27ae60; }\n");
+      out.write("        .btn.purple { background:#9b59b6; }\n");
+      out.write("        .lab { background:#fff7e6; border-left:4px solid #fa8c16; padding:16px; border-radius:10px; margin-top:24px; }\n");
+      out.write("        .lab ul { line-height:1.8; }\n");
+      out.write("        .timeline { background:#fff; border-radius:14px; padding:20px; margin-top:24px; box-shadow:0 4px 14px rgba(0,0,0,.06); }\n");
+      out.write("        .timeline li { margin:10px 0; line-height:1.7; }\n");
+      out.write("        code { background:#f0f0f0; padding:2px 6px; border-radius:4px; }\n");
+      out.write("    </style>\n");
+      out.write("</head>\n");
+      out.write("<body>\n");
+      out.write("    <div class=\"hero\">\n");
+      out.write("        <h1>🚀 Struts2 Learning Scaffold</h1>\n");
+      out.write("        <p>不是单纯的 Struts2 演示页，而是一套带任务卡、表单实验、拦截器观察和 CRUD 流程的学习脚手架。</p>\n");
+      out.write("        <a href=\"learn\" class=\"btn green\">进入学习中心</a>\n");
+      out.write("    </div>\n");
+      out.write("\n");
+      out.write("    <div class=\"lab\">\n");
+      out.write("        <strong>推荐学习顺序</strong>\n");
+      out.write("        <ul>\n");
+      out.write("            <li><strong>第一步：</strong> 进入 <a href=\"hello\">Hello 示例</a>，理解 Action → JSP 的最小闭环</li>\n");
+      out.write("            <li><strong>第二步：</strong> 进入 <a href=\"calc\">计算器</a>，体验表单绑定、校验、错误回显</li>\n");
+      out.write("            <li><strong>第三步：</strong> 进入 <a href=\"interceptor\">拦截器演示</a>，观察请求被增强的过程</li>\n");
+      out.write("            <li><strong>第四步：</strong> 进入 <a href=\"user\">用户管理</a>，学习列表/表单/增删改的完整流程</li>\n");
+      out.write("        </ul>\n");
+      out.write("    </div>\n");
+      out.write("\n");
+      out.write("    <div class=\"grid\">\n");
+      out.write("        <div class=\"card\">\n");
+      out.write("            <h3>👋 Hello 示例</h3>\n");
+      out.write("            <p>最小 Action 示例，适合理解 Struts2 如何把请求映射到 Action，再把数据渲染到 JSP。</p>\n");
+      out.write("            <a href=\"hello\" class=\"btn\">打开示例</a>\n");
+      out.write("        </div>\n");
+      out.write("        <div class=\"card\">\n");
+      out.write("            <h3>🔢 计算器实验</h3>\n");
+      out.write("            <p>学习参数绑定、<code>validate()</code> 校验、字段错误回显，以及成功/失败两条分支。</p>\n");
+      out.write("            <a href=\"calc\" class=\"btn\">开始实验</a>\n");
+      out.write("        </div>\n");
+      out.write("        <div class=\"card\">\n");
+      out.write("            <h3>🛡️ 拦截器观察</h3>\n");
+      out.write("            <p>重点模块。能看到日志、执行时间、限流、监控等拦截器如何织入请求链路。</p>\n");
+      out.write("            <a href=\"interceptor\" class=\"btn purple\">观察拦截器</a>\n");
+      out.write("        </div>\n");
+      out.write("        <div class=\"card\">\n");
+      out.write("            <h3>👥 用户 CRUD</h3>\n");
+      out.write("            <p>从列表页到表单页，再到新增/编辑/删除，形成完整的 Struts2 业务流学习闭环。</p>\n");
+      out.write("            <a href=\"user\" class=\"btn green\">进入 CRUD</a>\n");
+      out.write("        </div>\n");
+      out.write("        <div class=\"card\">\n");
+      out.write("            <h3>🧪 OGNL / 参数绑定实验</h3>\n");
+      out.write("            <p>可视化体验普通字段、嵌套对象、多选列表是如何被 Struts2 自动绑定到 Action 的。</p>\n");
+      out.write("            <a href=\"ognl\" class=\"btn purple\">进入实验室</a>\n");
+      out.write("        </div>\n");
+      out.write("        <div class=\"card\">\n");
+      out.write("            <h3>⚠️ 验证与错误流实验</h3>\n");
+      out.write("            <p>通过错误示例/正确示例切换，直观看到字段错误、input 返回和成功路径的区别。</p>\n");
+      out.write("            <a href=\"validation\" class=\"btn\">进入实验室</a>\n");
+      out.write("        </div>\n");
+      out.write("        <div class=\"card\">\n");
+      out.write("            <h3>🚀 AJAX 异步交互</h3>\n");
+      out.write("            <p>学习Struts2如何处理AJAX请求，返回JSON数据，实现前后端分离交互。</p>\n");
+      out.write("            <a href=\"ajax\" class=\"btn purple\">AJAX演示</a>\n");
+      out.write("        </div>\n");
+      out.write("        <div class=\"card\">\n");
+      out.write("            <h3>📁 文件上传</h3>\n");
+      out.write("            <p>演示单文件、多文件上传，文件类型和大小验证，以及文件处理流程。</p>\n");
+      out.write("            <a href=\"upload\" class=\"btn green\">文件上传</a>\n");
+      out.write("        </div>\n");
+      out.write("    </div>\n");
+      out.write("\n");
+      out.write("    <div class=\"timeline\">\n");
+      out.write("        <h3>📚 你会学到什么</h3>\n");
+      out.write("        <ul>\n");
+      out.write("            <li><strong>请求入口：</strong><code>StrutsPrepareAndExecuteFilter</code> 如何接管请求</li>\n");
+      out.write("            <li><strong>控制层：</strong>Action 如何接收参数、执行业务、返回 result</li>\n");
+      out.write("            <li><strong>视图层：</strong>JSP + Struts 标签库如何绑定 Action 数据</li>\n");
+      out.write("            <li><strong>增强机制：</strong>Interceptor Stack 如何像 AOP 一样织入日志、校验、限流</li>\n");
+      out.write("            <li><strong>状态流转：</strong>输入错误、成功提交、重定向返回列表等典型页面流</li>\n");
+      out.write("        </ul>\n");
+      out.write("    </div>\n");
+      out.write("</body>\n");
+      out.write("</html>\n");
+    } catch (java.lang.Throwable t) {
+      if (!(t instanceof javax.servlet.jsp.SkipPageException)){
+        out = _jspx_out;
+        if (out != null && out.getBufferSize() != 0)
+          try {
+            if (response.isCommitted()) {
+              out.flush();
+            } else {
+              out.clearBuffer();
+            }
+          } catch (java.io.IOException e) {}
+        if (_jspx_page_context != null) _jspx_page_context.handlePageException(t);
+        else throw new ServletException(t);
+      }
+    } finally {
+      _jspxFactory.releasePageContext(_jspx_page_context);
+    }
+  }
+}

target/tmp/jsp/org/apache/jsp/interceptor_002ddemo_jsp.java

@@ -0,0 +1,364 @@
+/*
+ * Generated by the Jasper component of Apache Tomcat
+ * Version: jetty/9.4.54.v20240208
+ * Generated at: 2026-03-12 22:21:50 UTC
+ * Note: The last modified time of this file was set to
+ *       the last modified time of the source file after
+ *       generation to assist with modification tracking.
+ */
+package org.apache.jsp;
+
+import javax.servlet.*;
+import javax.servlet.http.*;
+import javax.servlet.jsp.*;
+
+public final class interceptor_002ddemo_jsp extends org.apache.jasper.runtime.HttpJspBase
+    implements org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspSourceDependent,
+                 org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspSourceImports {
+
+  private static final javax.servlet.jsp.JspFactory _jspxFactory =
+          javax.servlet.jsp.JspFactory.getDefaultFactory();
+
+  private static java.util.Map<java.lang.String,java.lang.Long> _jspx_dependants;
+
+  static {
+    _jspx_dependants = new java.util.HashMap<java.lang.String,java.lang.Long>(2);
+    _jspx_dependants.put("file:/home/llm/.m2/repository/org/apache/struts/struts2-core/6.4.0/struts2-core-6.4.0.jar", Long.valueOf(1772603570859L));
+    _jspx_dependants.put("jar:file:/home/llm/.m2/repository/org/apache/struts/struts2-core/6.4.0/struts2-core-6.4.0.jar!/META-INF/struts-tags.tld", Long.valueOf(1712452520000L));
+  }
+
+  private static final java.util.Set<java.lang.String> _jspx_imports_packages;
+
+  private static final java.util.Set<java.lang.String> _jspx_imports_classes;
+
+  static {
+    _jspx_imports_packages = new java.util.HashSet<>();
+    _jspx_imports_packages.add("javax.servlet");
+    _jspx_imports_packages.add("javax.servlet.http");
+    _jspx_imports_packages.add("javax.servlet.jsp");
+    _jspx_imports_classes = null;
+  }
+
+  private org.apache.jasper.runtime.TagHandlerPool _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fproperty_0026_005fvalue_005fnobody;
+  private org.apache.jasper.runtime.TagHandlerPool _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fiterator_0026_005fvar_005fvalue;
+
+  private volatile javax.el.ExpressionFactory _el_expressionfactory;
+  private volatile org.apache.tomcat.InstanceManager _jsp_instancemanager;
+
+  public java.util.Map<java.lang.String,java.lang.Long> getDependants() {
+    return _jspx_dependants;
+  }
+
+  public java.util.Set<java.lang.String> getPackageImports() {
+    return _jspx_imports_packages;
+  }
+
+  public java.util.Set<java.lang.String> getClassImports() {
+    return _jspx_imports_classes;
+  }
+
+  public javax.el.ExpressionFactory _jsp_getExpressionFactory() {
+    if (_el_expressionfactory == null) {
+      synchronized (this) {
+        if (_el_expressionfactory == null) {
+          _el_expressionfactory = _jspxFactory.getJspApplicationContext(getServletConfig().getServletContext()).getExpressionFactory();
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return _el_expressionfactory;
+  }
+
+  public org.apache.tomcat.InstanceManager _jsp_getInstanceManager() {
+    if (_jsp_instancemanager == null) {
+      synchronized (this) {
+        if (_jsp_instancemanager == null) {
+          _jsp_instancemanager = org.apache.jasper.runtime.InstanceManagerFactory.getInstanceManager(getServletConfig());
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return _jsp_instancemanager;
+  }
+
+  public void _jspInit() {
+    _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fproperty_0026_005fvalue_005fnobody = org.apache.jasper.runtime.TagHandlerPool.getTagHandlerPool(getServletConfig());
+    _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fiterator_0026_005fvar_005fvalue = org.apache.jasper.runtime.TagHandlerPool.getTagHandlerPool(getServletConfig());
+  }
+
+  public void _jspDestroy() {
+    _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fproperty_0026_005fvalue_005fnobody.release();
+    _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fiterator_0026_005fvar_005fvalue.release();
+  }
+
+  public void _jspService(final javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest request, final javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse response)
+      throws java.io.IOException, javax.servlet.ServletException {
+
+    final java.lang.String _jspx_method = request.getMethod();
+    if (!"GET".equals(_jspx_method) && !"POST".equals(_jspx_method) && !"HEAD".equals(_jspx_method) && !javax.servlet.DispatcherType.ERROR.equals(request.getDispatcherType())) {
+      response.sendError(HttpServletResponse.SC_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED, "JSPs only permit GET, POST or HEAD. Jasper also permits OPTIONS");
+      return;
+    }
+
+    final javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext;
+    javax.servlet.http.HttpSession session = null;
+    final javax.servlet.ServletContext application;
+    final javax.servlet.ServletConfig config;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = null;
+    final java.lang.Object page = this;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter _jspx_out = null;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context = null;
+
+
+    try {
+      response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");
+      pageContext = _jspxFactory.getPageContext(this, request, response,
+      			null, true, 8192, true);
+      _jspx_page_context = pageContext;
+      application = pageContext.getServletContext();
+      config = pageContext.getServletConfig();
+      session = pageContext.getSession();
+      out = pageContext.getOut();
+      _jspx_out = out;
+
+      out.write("\n");
+      out.write("\n");
+      out.write("<!DOCTYPE html>\n");
+      out.write("<html>\n");
+      out.write("<head>\n");
+      out.write("    <meta charset=\"UTF-8\">\n");
+      out.write("    <title>拦截器演示 - Struts2</title>\n");
+      out.write("    <style>\n");
+      out.write("        body { font-family: Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 900px; margin: 50px auto; padding: 20px; }\n");
+      out.write("        h1 { color: #e74c3c; }\n");
+      out.write("        h2 { color: #3498db; border-bottom: 2px solid #3498db; padding-bottom: 10px; }\n");
+      out.write("        .card { background: #f9f9f9; padding: 20px; margin: 15px 0; border-radius: 8px; }\n");
+      out.write("        .card h3 { margin-top: 0; color: #2c3e50; }\n");
+      out.write("        code { background: #eee; padding: 2px 6px; border-radius: 3px; }\n");
+      out.write("        pre { background: #2c3e50; color: #ecf0f1; padding: 15px; border-radius: 5px; overflow-x: auto; }\n");
+      out.write("        table { width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 10px 0; }\n");
+      out.write("        th, td { border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left; }\n");
+      out.write("        th { background: #3498db; color: white; }\n");
+      out.write("        .time { color: #27ae60; font-weight: bold; }\n");
+      out.write("        .api-link { display: inline-block; background: #9b59b6; color: white; padding: 10px 20px; \n");
+      out.write("                    text-decoration: none; border-radius: 5px; margin: 5px; }\n");
+      out.write("        .lab { background:#fff7e6; border-left:4px solid #fa8c16; padding:15px; border-radius:8px; margin:20px 0; }\n");
+      out.write("    </style>\n");
+      out.write("</head>\n");
+      out.write("<body>\n");
+      out.write("    <h1>🛡️ Struts2 拦截器演示</h1>\n");
+      out.write("\n");
+      out.write("    <div class=\"lab\">\n");
+      out.write("        <strong>实验观察点：</strong>\n");
+      out.write("        <ul>\n");
+      out.write("            <li>连续刷新页面，观察 Action 调用次数如何累积</li>\n");
+      out.write("            <li>切换到“API 限流栈”，理解为什么拦截器顺序会影响结果</li>\n");
+      out.write("            <li>注意执行时间显示，这就是拦截器注入到 request 的数据</li>\n");
+      out.write("        </ul>\n");
+      out.write("    </div>\n");
+      out.write("    \n");
+      out.write("    <div class=\"card\">\n");
+      out.write("        <h3>📊 执行统计</h3>\n");
+      out.write("        <p>本次请求执行时间: <span class=\"time\">");
+      if (_jspx_meth_s_005fproperty_005f0(_jspx_page_context))
+        return;
+      out.write(" ms</span></p>\n");
+      out.write("        \n");
+      out.write("        <h4>Action 调用统计:</h4>\n");
+      out.write("        <table>\n");
+      out.write("            <tr><th>Action</th><th>调用次数</th></tr>\n");
+      out.write("            ");
+      if (_jspx_meth_s_005fiterator_005f0(_jspx_page_context))
+        return;
+      out.write("\n");
+      out.write("        </table>\n");
+      out.write("    </div>\n");
+      out.write("    \n");
+      out.write("    <div class=\"card\">\n");
+      out.write("        <h3>🔗 拦截器链演示</h3>\n");
+      out.write("        <p>当前使用: <code>customStack</code> (日志 + 计时 + 监控 + 默认栈)</p>\n");
+      out.write("        <a class=\"api-link\" href=\"interceptor_api\">切换到 API 限流栈</a>\n");
+      out.write("        <a class=\"api-link\" href=\"interceptor\">恢复默认栈</a>\n");
+      out.write("        <p>API 栈包含: 日志 + 限流 + 验证 + 计时 + 默认栈</p>\n");
+      out.write("        <table>\n");
+      out.write("            <tr><th>拦截器</th><th>作用</th><th>你应该观察什么</th></tr>\n");
+      out.write("            <tr><td>LoggingInterceptor</td><td>记录请求进入/退出</td><td>看日志顺序，理解责任链</td></tr>\n");
+      out.write("            <tr><td>TimingInterceptor</td><td>统计执行耗时</td><td>看 executionTime 如何注入 request</td></tr>\n");
+      out.write("            <tr><td>MonitorInterceptor</td><td>累积 Action 调用统计</td><td>连续刷新看调用数增长</td></tr>\n");
+      out.write("            <tr><td>RateLimitInterceptor</td><td>限制频率</td><td>API 栈里观察限流触发</td></tr>\n");
+      out.write("            <tr><td>ValidationInterceptor</td><td>校验输入</td><td>思考错误应该在哪一层拦截</td></tr>\n");
+      out.write("        </table>\n");
+      out.write("    </div>\n");
+      out.write("    \n");
+      out.write("    <div class=\"card\">\n");
+      out.write("        <h3>🧪 快速实验建议</h3>\n");
+      out.write("        <ul>\n");
+      out.write("            <li>先刷新当前页两次，看调用统计是否增加</li>\n");
+      out.write("            <li>再切到 <code>interceptor_api</code>，对比多了哪些拦截器</li>\n");
+      out.write("            <li>观察“先进入后退出”的洋葱模型</li>\n");
+      out.write("            <li>思考：如果你要加鉴权，应放在哪个拦截器位置最合理？</li>\n");
+      out.write("        </ul>\n");
+      out.write("    </div>\n");
+      out.write("\n");
+      out.write("    <div class=\"card\">\n");
+      out.write("        <h3>📚 拦截器执行顺序</h3>\n");
+      out.write("        <pre>\n");
+      out.write("请求 → LoggingInterceptor → TimingInterceptor → MonitorInterceptor → Action\n");
+      out.write("响应 ← LoggingInterceptor ← TimingInterceptor ← MonitorInterceptor ← Result\n");
+      out.write("        </pre>\n");
+      out.write("        <p><strong>注意:</strong> 拦截器像洋葱一样，先进入的后退出</p>\n");
+      out.write("    </div>\n");
+      out.write("    \n");
+      out.write("    <div class=\"card\">\n");
+      out.write("        <h3>💡 拦截器核心概念</h3>\n");
+      out.write("        <ul>\n");
+      out.write("            <li><strong>Interceptor 接口:</strong> init() → intercept() → destroy()</li>\n");
+      out.write("            <li><strong>intercept() 方法:</strong> 调用 invocation.invoke() 继续链</li>\n");
+      out.write("            <li><strong>拦截器栈:</strong> 多个拦截器按顺序组成链</li>\n");
+      out.write("            <li><strong>责任链模式:</strong> 每个拦截器决定是否继续</li>\n");
+      out.write("        </ul>\n");
+      out.write("    </div>\n");
+      out.write("    \n");
+      out.write("    <p><a href=\"learn\">← 返回学习中心</a></p>\n");
+      out.write("</body>\n");
+      out.write("</html>");
+    } catch (java.lang.Throwable t) {
+      if (!(t instanceof javax.servlet.jsp.SkipPageException)){
+        out = _jspx_out;
+        if (out != null && out.getBufferSize() != 0)
+          try {
+            if (response.isCommitted()) {
+              out.flush();
+            } else {
+              out.clearBuffer();
+            }
+          } catch (java.io.IOException e) {}
+        if (_jspx_page_context != null) _jspx_page_context.handlePageException(t);
+        else throw new ServletException(t);
+      }
+    } finally {
+      _jspxFactory.releasePageContext(_jspx_page_context);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private boolean _jspx_meth_s_005fproperty_005f0(javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context)
+          throws java.lang.Throwable {
+    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext = _jspx_page_context;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = _jspx_page_context.getOut();
+    //  s:property
+    org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f0 = (org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag) _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fproperty_0026_005fvalue_005fnobody.get(org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag.class);
+    boolean _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f0_reused = false;
+    try {
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f0.setPageContext(_jspx_page_context);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f0.setParent(null);
+      // /interceptor-demo.jsp(39,40) name = value type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f0.setValue("executionTime / 1000000.0");
+      int _jspx_eval_s_005fproperty_005f0 = _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f0.doStartTag();
+      if (_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f0.doEndTag() == javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_PAGE) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fproperty_0026_005fvalue_005fnobody.reuse(_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f0);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f0_reused = true;
+    } finally {
+      org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.releaseTag(_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f0, _jsp_getInstanceManager(), _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f0_reused);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  private boolean _jspx_meth_s_005fiterator_005f0(javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context)
+          throws java.lang.Throwable {
+    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext = _jspx_page_context;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = _jspx_page_context.getOut();
+    //  s:iterator
+    org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.IteratorTag _jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0 = (org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.IteratorTag) _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fiterator_0026_005fvar_005fvalue.get(org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.IteratorTag.class);
+    boolean _jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0_reused = false;
+    try {
+      _jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0.setPageContext(_jspx_page_context);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0.setParent(null);
+      // /interceptor-demo.jsp(44,12) name = value type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0.setValue("interceptorStats");
+      // /interceptor-demo.jsp(44,12) name = var type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0.setVar("entry");
+      int _jspx_eval_s_005fiterator_005f0 = _jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0.doStartTag();
+      if (_jspx_eval_s_005fiterator_005f0 != javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_BODY) {
+        if (_jspx_eval_s_005fiterator_005f0 != javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.EVAL_BODY_INCLUDE) {
+          out = org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.startBufferedBody(_jspx_page_context, _jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0);
+        }
+        do {
+          out.write("\n");
+          out.write("                <tr>\n");
+          out.write("                    <td>");
+          if (_jspx_meth_s_005fproperty_005f1(_jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0, _jspx_page_context))
+            return true;
+          out.write("</td>\n");
+          out.write("                    <td>");
+          if (_jspx_meth_s_005fproperty_005f2(_jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0, _jspx_page_context))
+            return true;
+          out.write("</td>\n");
+          out.write("                </tr>\n");
+          out.write("            ");
+          int evalDoAfterBody = _jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0.doAfterBody();
+          if (evalDoAfterBody != javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.BodyTag.EVAL_BODY_AGAIN)
+            break;
+        } while (true);
+        if (_jspx_eval_s_005fiterator_005f0 != javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.EVAL_BODY_INCLUDE) {
+          out = _jspx_page_context.popBody();
+        }
+      }
+      if (_jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0.doEndTag() == javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_PAGE) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fiterator_0026_005fvar_005fvalue.reuse(_jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0_reused = true;
+    } finally {
+      org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.releaseTag(_jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0, _jsp_getInstanceManager(), _jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0_reused);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  private boolean _jspx_meth_s_005fproperty_005f1(javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.JspTag _jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0, javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context)
+          throws java.lang.Throwable {
+    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext = _jspx_page_context;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = _jspx_page_context.getOut();
+    //  s:property
+    org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f1 = (org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag) _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fproperty_0026_005fvalue_005fnobody.get(org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag.class);
+    boolean _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f1_reused = false;
+    try {
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f1.setPageContext(_jspx_page_context);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f1.setParent((javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag) _jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0);
+      // /interceptor-demo.jsp(46,24) name = value type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f1.setValue("#entry.key");
+      int _jspx_eval_s_005fproperty_005f1 = _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f1.doStartTag();
+      if (_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f1.doEndTag() == javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_PAGE) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fproperty_0026_005fvalue_005fnobody.reuse(_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f1);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f1_reused = true;
+    } finally {
+      org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.releaseTag(_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f1, _jsp_getInstanceManager(), _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f1_reused);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  private boolean _jspx_meth_s_005fproperty_005f2(javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.JspTag _jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0, javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context)
+          throws java.lang.Throwable {
+    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext = _jspx_page_context;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = _jspx_page_context.getOut();
+    //  s:property
+    org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f2 = (org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag) _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fproperty_0026_005fvalue_005fnobody.get(org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag.class);
+    boolean _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f2_reused = false;
+    try {
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f2.setPageContext(_jspx_page_context);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f2.setParent((javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag) _jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0);
+      // /interceptor-demo.jsp(47,24) name = value type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f2.setValue("#entry.value");
+      int _jspx_eval_s_005fproperty_005f2 = _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f2.doStartTag();
+      if (_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f2.doEndTag() == javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_PAGE) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fproperty_0026_005fvalue_005fnobody.reuse(_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f2);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f2_reused = true;
+    } finally {
+      org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.releaseTag(_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f2, _jsp_getInstanceManager(), _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f2_reused);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+}

target/tmp/jsp/org/apache/jsp/learn_jsp.java

@@ -0,0 +1,260 @@
+/*
+ * Generated by the Jasper component of Apache Tomcat
+ * Version: jetty/9.4.54.v20240208
+ * Generated at: 2026-03-12 22:21:47 UTC
+ * Note: The last modified time of this file was set to
+ *       the last modified time of the source file after
+ *       generation to assist with modification tracking.
+ */
+package org.apache.jsp;
+
+import javax.servlet.*;
+import javax.servlet.http.*;
+import javax.servlet.jsp.*;
+
+public final class learn_jsp extends org.apache.jasper.runtime.HttpJspBase
+    implements org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspSourceDependent,
+                 org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspSourceImports {
+
+  private static final javax.servlet.jsp.JspFactory _jspxFactory =
+          javax.servlet.jsp.JspFactory.getDefaultFactory();
+
+  private static java.util.Map<java.lang.String,java.lang.Long> _jspx_dependants;
+
+  static {
+    _jspx_dependants = new java.util.HashMap<java.lang.String,java.lang.Long>(2);
+    _jspx_dependants.put("file:/home/llm/.m2/repository/org/apache/struts/struts2-core/6.4.0/struts2-core-6.4.0.jar", Long.valueOf(1772603570859L));
+    _jspx_dependants.put("jar:file:/home/llm/.m2/repository/org/apache/struts/struts2-core/6.4.0/struts2-core-6.4.0.jar!/META-INF/struts-tags.tld", Long.valueOf(1712452520000L));
+  }
+
+  private static final java.util.Set<java.lang.String> _jspx_imports_packages;
+
+  private static final java.util.Set<java.lang.String> _jspx_imports_classes;
+
+  static {
+    _jspx_imports_packages = new java.util.HashSet<>();
+    _jspx_imports_packages.add("javax.servlet");
+    _jspx_imports_packages.add("javax.servlet.http");
+    _jspx_imports_packages.add("javax.servlet.jsp");
+    _jspx_imports_classes = null;
+  }
+
+  private volatile javax.el.ExpressionFactory _el_expressionfactory;
+  private volatile org.apache.tomcat.InstanceManager _jsp_instancemanager;
+
+  public java.util.Map<java.lang.String,java.lang.Long> getDependants() {
+    return _jspx_dependants;
+  }
+
+  public java.util.Set<java.lang.String> getPackageImports() {
+    return _jspx_imports_packages;
+  }
+
+  public java.util.Set<java.lang.String> getClassImports() {
+    return _jspx_imports_classes;
+  }
+
+  public javax.el.ExpressionFactory _jsp_getExpressionFactory() {
+    if (_el_expressionfactory == null) {
+      synchronized (this) {
+        if (_el_expressionfactory == null) {
+          _el_expressionfactory = _jspxFactory.getJspApplicationContext(getServletConfig().getServletContext()).getExpressionFactory();
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return _el_expressionfactory;
+  }
+
+  public org.apache.tomcat.InstanceManager _jsp_getInstanceManager() {
+    if (_jsp_instancemanager == null) {
+      synchronized (this) {
+        if (_jsp_instancemanager == null) {
+          _jsp_instancemanager = org.apache.jasper.runtime.InstanceManagerFactory.getInstanceManager(getServletConfig());
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return _jsp_instancemanager;
+  }
+
+  public void _jspInit() {
+  }
+
+  public void _jspDestroy() {
+  }
+
+  public void _jspService(final javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest request, final javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse response)
+      throws java.io.IOException, javax.servlet.ServletException {
+
+    final java.lang.String _jspx_method = request.getMethod();
+    if (!"GET".equals(_jspx_method) && !"POST".equals(_jspx_method) && !"HEAD".equals(_jspx_method) && !javax.servlet.DispatcherType.ERROR.equals(request.getDispatcherType())) {
+      response.sendError(HttpServletResponse.SC_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED, "JSPs only permit GET, POST or HEAD. Jasper also permits OPTIONS");
+      return;
+    }
+
+    final javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext;
+    javax.servlet.http.HttpSession session = null;
+    final javax.servlet.ServletContext application;
+    final javax.servlet.ServletConfig config;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = null;
+    final java.lang.Object page = this;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter _jspx_out = null;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context = null;
+
+
+    try {
+      response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");
+      pageContext = _jspxFactory.getPageContext(this, request, response,
+      			null, true, 8192, true);
+      _jspx_page_context = pageContext;
+      application = pageContext.getServletContext();
+      config = pageContext.getServletConfig();
+      session = pageContext.getSession();
+      out = pageContext.getOut();
+      _jspx_out = out;
+
+      out.write("\n");
+      out.write("\n");
+      out.write("<!DOCTYPE html>\n");
+      out.write("<html>\n");
+      out.write("<head>\n");
+      out.write("    <meta charset=\"UTF-8\">\n");
+      out.write("    <title>Struts2 学习中心</title>\n");
+      out.write("    <style>\n");
+      out.write("        body { font-family: Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 1000px; margin: 40px auto; padding: 20px; background:#f7f8fa; }\n");
+      out.write("        h1 { color: #e74c3c; }\n");
+      out.write("        h2 { color: #3498db; border-bottom: 2px solid #3498db; padding-bottom: 10px; }\n");
+      out.write("        .card { background: #fff; padding: 20px; border-radius: 12px; margin: 20px 0; box-shadow:0 4px 14px rgba(0,0,0,.06); }\n");
+      out.write("        .card h3 { margin-top: 0; }\n");
+      out.write("        ul { line-height: 1.9; }\n");
+      out.write("        a { color: #3498db; text-decoration: none; }\n");
+      out.write("        a:hover { text-decoration: underline; }\n");
+      out.write("        .btn { display: inline-block; background: #3498db; color: white; padding: 10px 20px; border-radius: 6px; margin: 5px; }\n");
+      out.write("        .btn:hover { text-decoration: none; background: #2980b9; }\n");
+      out.write("        .btn-green { background: #27ae60; }\n");
+      out.write("        .btn-purple { background: #9b59b6; }\n");
+      out.write("        code { background: #eee; padding: 2px 6px; border-radius: 3px; }\n");
+      out.write("        .lab { background:#fff7e6; border-left:4px solid #fa8c16; padding:15px; border-radius:8px; margin:20px 0; }\n");
+      out.write("        .quick-tools { display:flex; gap:10px; flex-wrap:wrap; margin-top:10px; }\n");
+      out.write("        .grid { display:grid; grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit,minmax(280px,1fr)); gap:16px; }\n");
+      out.write("    </style>\n");
+      out.write("</head>\n");
+      out.write("<body>\n");
+      out.write("    <h1>🎓 Struts2 学习中心</h1>\n");
+      out.write("\n");
+      out.write("    <div class=\"lab\">\n");
+      out.write("        <strong>🧪 学习任务卡</strong>\n");
+      out.write("        <ul>\n");
+      out.write("            <li>先点“拦截器演示”，观察执行统计和链路顺序</li>\n");
+      out.write("            <li>再点“计算器”，故意输入非法值体验 Struts2 校验</li>\n");
+      out.write("            <li>最后点“用户管理”，理解 Action + JSP + 表单提交流程</li>\n");
+      out.write("        </ul>\n");
+      out.write("        <div class=\"quick-tools\">\n");
+      out.write("            <a class=\"btn btn-purple\" href=\"interceptor\">直接去拦截器实验</a>\n");
+      out.write("            <a class=\"btn\" href=\"calc\">直接去计算器实验</a>\n");
+      out.write("            <a class=\"btn btn-green\" href=\"user\">直接去用户管理实验</a>\n");
+      out.write("        </div>\n");
+      out.write("    </div>\n");
+      out.write("\n");
+      out.write("    <div class=\"grid\">\n");
+      out.write("        <div class=\"card\">\n");
+      out.write("            <h3>👋 最小闭环</h3>\n");
+      out.write("            <p>从 <code>/hello</code> 开始，看 Action 如何返回 JSP 页面。</p>\n");
+      out.write("            <a class=\"btn\" href=\"hello\">打开 Hello</a>\n");
+      out.write("        </div>\n");
+      out.write("        <div class=\"card\">\n");
+      out.write("            <h3>🔢 表单与校验</h3>\n");
+      out.write("            <p>用计算器理解参数绑定、校验失败回显、成功结果显示。</p>\n");
+      out.write("            <a class=\"btn\" href=\"calc\">打开计算器</a>\n");
+      out.write("        </div>\n");
+      out.write("        <div class=\"card\">\n");
+      out.write("            <h3>🛡️ 拦截器机制</h3>\n");
+      out.write("            <p>学习 Struts2 最核心的增强机制：日志、计时、限流、监控。</p>\n");
+      out.write("            <a class=\"btn btn-purple\" href=\"interceptor\">打开拦截器实验</a>\n");
+      out.write("        </div>\n");
+      out.write("        <div class=\"card\">\n");
+      out.write("            <h3>👥 CRUD 业务流</h3>\n");
+      out.write("            <p>通过用户管理体验列表页、表单页、重定向和状态更新。</p>\n");
+      out.write("            <a class=\"btn btn-green\" href=\"user\">打开用户管理</a>\n");
+      out.write("        </div>\n");
+      out.write("        <div class=\"card\">\n");
+      out.write("            <h3>🧪 OGNL / 参数绑定实验</h3>\n");
+      out.write("            <p>通过真正可交互的表单观察 Struts2 的字段绑定、嵌套对象绑定和集合绑定。</p>\n");
+      out.write("            <a class=\"btn btn-purple\" href=\"ognl\">打开 OGNL 实验室</a>\n");
+      out.write("        </div>\n");
+      out.write("        <div class=\"card\">\n");
+      out.write("            <h3>⚠️ 验证与错误流实验</h3>\n");
+      out.write("            <p>学习为什么校验失败不会直接 500，而是回到 input 页面并显示字段级错误。</p>\n");
+      out.write("            <a class=\"btn\" href=\"validation\">打开验证实验室</a>\n");
+      out.write("        </div>\n");
+      out.write("        <div class=\"card\">\n");
+      out.write("            <h3>🚀 AJAX 异步交互</h3>\n");
+      out.write("            <p>学习Struts2如何处理AJAX请求，返回JSON数据，实现无刷新交互和实时数据更新。</p>\n");
+      out.write("            <a class=\"btn purple\" href=\"ajax\">打开AJAX演示</a>\n");
+      out.write("        </div>\n");
+      out.write("        <div class=\"card\">\n");
+      out.write("            <h3>📁 文件上传</h3>\n");
+      out.write("            <p>演示单文件和多文件上传，学习文件类型验证、大小限制和文件处理流程。</p>\n");
+      out.write("            <a class=\"btn green\" href=\"upload\">打开文件上传</a>\n");
+      out.write("        </div>\n");
+      out.write("    </div>\n");
+      out.write("\n");
+      out.write("    <h2>📚 学习路径</h2>\n");
+      out.write("    <div class=\"card\">\n");
+      out.write("        <h3>1. MVC 架构</h3>\n");
+      out.write("        <ul>\n");
+      out.write("            <li><strong>Model:</strong> Action 类 + JavaBean</li>\n");
+      out.write("            <li><strong>View:</strong> JSP + Struts 标签库</li>\n");
+      out.write("            <li><strong>Controller:</strong> StrutsPrepareAndExecuteFilter</li>\n");
+      out.write("        </ul>\n");
+      out.write("    </div>\n");
+      out.write("\n");
+      out.write("    <div class=\"card\">\n");
+      out.write("        <h3>2. 拦截器机制</h3>\n");
+      out.write("        <ul>\n");
+      out.write("            <li><code>Interceptor</code> 接口: init() → intercept() → destroy()</li>\n");
+      out.write("            <li><code>interceptor-stack</code>: 组合多个拦截器</li>\n");
+      out.write("            <li>执行顺序: 责任链模式（先入后出）</li>\n");
+      out.write("        </ul>\n");
+      out.write("    </div>\n");
+      out.write("\n");
+      out.write("    <div class=\"card\">\n");
+      out.write("        <h3>3. OGNL 与标签库</h3>\n");
+      out.write("        <ul>\n");
+      out.write("            <li><code>&lt;s:property value=\"name\"/&gt;</code> - 输出属性</li>\n");
+      out.write("            <li><code>&lt;s:iterator value=\"list\"&gt;</code> - 遍历集合</li>\n");
+      out.write("            <li><code>&lt;s:form&gt;</code> + <code>&lt;s:textfield&gt;</code> - 表单绑定</li>\n");
+      out.write("        </ul>\n");
+      out.write("    </div>\n");
+      out.write("\n");
+      out.write("    <div class=\"card\">\n");
+      out.write("        <h3>4. 你当前项目里有哪些实验</h3>\n");
+      out.write("        <ul>\n");
+      out.write("            <li><strong>Hello：</strong>最小 Action/JSP 映射</li>\n");
+      out.write("            <li><strong>Calculator：</strong>参数绑定 + 校验 + 错误回显</li>\n");
+      out.write("            <li><strong>Interceptor：</strong>理解自定义拦截器与请求链</li>\n");
+      out.write("            <li><strong>User CRUD：</strong>模拟真实业务增删改查</li>\n");
+      out.write("        </ul>\n");
+      out.write("    </div>\n");
+      out.write("\n");
+      out.write("    <p><a href=\"/\">← 返回首页</a></p>\n");
+      out.write("</body>\n");
+      out.write("</html>\n");
+    } catch (java.lang.Throwable t) {
+      if (!(t instanceof javax.servlet.jsp.SkipPageException)){
+        out = _jspx_out;
+        if (out != null && out.getBufferSize() != 0)
+          try {
+            if (response.isCommitted()) {
+              out.flush();
+            } else {
+              out.clearBuffer();
+            }
+          } catch (java.io.IOException e) {}
+        if (_jspx_page_context != null) _jspx_page_context.handlePageException(t);
+        else throw new ServletException(t);
+      }
+    } finally {
+      _jspxFactory.releasePageContext(_jspx_page_context);
+    }
+  }
+}

target/tmp/jsp/org/apache/jsp/ognl_002dlab_jsp.java

@@ -0,0 +1,642 @@
+/*
+ * Generated by the Jasper component of Apache Tomcat
+ * Version: jetty/9.4.54.v20240208
+ * Generated at: 2026-03-12 22:21:44 UTC
+ * Note: The last modified time of this file was set to
+ *       the last modified time of the source file after
+ *       generation to assist with modification tracking.
+ */
+package org.apache.jsp;
+
+import javax.servlet.*;
+import javax.servlet.http.*;
+import javax.servlet.jsp.*;
+
+public final class ognl_002dlab_jsp extends org.apache.jasper.runtime.HttpJspBase
+    implements org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspSourceDependent,
+                 org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspSourceImports {
+
+  private static final javax.servlet.jsp.JspFactory _jspxFactory =
+          javax.servlet.jsp.JspFactory.getDefaultFactory();
+
+  private static java.util.Map<java.lang.String,java.lang.Long> _jspx_dependants;
+
+  static {
+    _jspx_dependants = new java.util.HashMap<java.lang.String,java.lang.Long>(2);
+    _jspx_dependants.put("file:/home/llm/.m2/repository/org/apache/struts/struts2-core/6.4.0/struts2-core-6.4.0.jar", Long.valueOf(1772603570859L));
+    _jspx_dependants.put("jar:file:/home/llm/.m2/repository/org/apache/struts/struts2-core/6.4.0/struts2-core-6.4.0.jar!/META-INF/struts-tags.tld", Long.valueOf(1712452520000L));
+  }
+
+  private static final java.util.Set<java.lang.String> _jspx_imports_packages;
+
+  private static final java.util.Set<java.lang.String> _jspx_imports_classes;
+
+  static {
+    _jspx_imports_packages = new java.util.HashSet<>();
+    _jspx_imports_packages.add("javax.servlet");
+    _jspx_imports_packages.add("javax.servlet.http");
+    _jspx_imports_packages.add("javax.servlet.jsp");
+    _jspx_imports_classes = null;
+  }
+
+  private org.apache.jasper.runtime.TagHandlerPool _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fform_0026_005fmethod_005faction;
+  private org.apache.jasper.runtime.TagHandlerPool _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005ftextfield_0026_005fplaceholder_005fname_005flabel_005fnobody;
+  private org.apache.jasper.runtime.TagHandlerPool _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fcheckboxlist_0026_005fname_005flist_005flabel_005fnobody;
+  private org.apache.jasper.runtime.TagHandlerPool _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fproperty_0026_005fvalue_005fdefault_005fnobody;
+  private org.apache.jasper.runtime.TagHandlerPool _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fiterator_0026_005fvar_005fvalue;
+  private org.apache.jasper.runtime.TagHandlerPool _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fproperty_0026_005fvalue_005fnobody;
+
+  private volatile javax.el.ExpressionFactory _el_expressionfactory;
+  private volatile org.apache.tomcat.InstanceManager _jsp_instancemanager;
+
+  public java.util.Map<java.lang.String,java.lang.Long> getDependants() {
+    return _jspx_dependants;
+  }
+
+  public java.util.Set<java.lang.String> getPackageImports() {
+    return _jspx_imports_packages;
+  }
+
+  public java.util.Set<java.lang.String> getClassImports() {
+    return _jspx_imports_classes;
+  }
+
+  public javax.el.ExpressionFactory _jsp_getExpressionFactory() {
+    if (_el_expressionfactory == null) {
+      synchronized (this) {
+        if (_el_expressionfactory == null) {
+          _el_expressionfactory = _jspxFactory.getJspApplicationContext(getServletConfig().getServletContext()).getExpressionFactory();
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return _el_expressionfactory;
+  }
+
+  public org.apache.tomcat.InstanceManager _jsp_getInstanceManager() {
+    if (_jsp_instancemanager == null) {
+      synchronized (this) {
+        if (_jsp_instancemanager == null) {
+          _jsp_instancemanager = org.apache.jasper.runtime.InstanceManagerFactory.getInstanceManager(getServletConfig());
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return _jsp_instancemanager;
+  }
+
+  public void _jspInit() {
+    _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fform_0026_005fmethod_005faction = org.apache.jasper.runtime.TagHandlerPool.getTagHandlerPool(getServletConfig());
+    _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005ftextfield_0026_005fplaceholder_005fname_005flabel_005fnobody = org.apache.jasper.runtime.TagHandlerPool.getTagHandlerPool(getServletConfig());
+    _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fcheckboxlist_0026_005fname_005flist_005flabel_005fnobody = org.apache.jasper.runtime.TagHandlerPool.getTagHandlerPool(getServletConfig());
+    _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fproperty_0026_005fvalue_005fdefault_005fnobody = org.apache.jasper.runtime.TagHandlerPool.getTagHandlerPool(getServletConfig());
+    _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fiterator_0026_005fvar_005fvalue = org.apache.jasper.runtime.TagHandlerPool.getTagHandlerPool(getServletConfig());
+    _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fproperty_0026_005fvalue_005fnobody = org.apache.jasper.runtime.TagHandlerPool.getTagHandlerPool(getServletConfig());
+  }
+
+  public void _jspDestroy() {
+    _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fform_0026_005fmethod_005faction.release();
+    _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005ftextfield_0026_005fplaceholder_005fname_005flabel_005fnobody.release();
+    _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fcheckboxlist_0026_005fname_005flist_005flabel_005fnobody.release();
+    _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fproperty_0026_005fvalue_005fdefault_005fnobody.release();
+    _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fiterator_0026_005fvar_005fvalue.release();
+    _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fproperty_0026_005fvalue_005fnobody.release();
+  }
+
+  public void _jspService(final javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest request, final javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse response)
+      throws java.io.IOException, javax.servlet.ServletException {
+
+    final java.lang.String _jspx_method = request.getMethod();
+    if (!"GET".equals(_jspx_method) && !"POST".equals(_jspx_method) && !"HEAD".equals(_jspx_method) && !javax.servlet.DispatcherType.ERROR.equals(request.getDispatcherType())) {
+      response.sendError(HttpServletResponse.SC_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED, "JSPs only permit GET, POST or HEAD. Jasper also permits OPTIONS");
+      return;
+    }
+
+    final javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext;
+    javax.servlet.http.HttpSession session = null;
+    final javax.servlet.ServletContext application;
+    final javax.servlet.ServletConfig config;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = null;
+    final java.lang.Object page = this;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter _jspx_out = null;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context = null;
+
+
+    try {
+      response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");
+      pageContext = _jspxFactory.getPageContext(this, request, response,
+      			null, true, 8192, true);
+      _jspx_page_context = pageContext;
+      application = pageContext.getServletContext();
+      config = pageContext.getServletConfig();
+      session = pageContext.getSession();
+      out = pageContext.getOut();
+      _jspx_out = out;
+
+      out.write("\n");
+      out.write("\n");
+      out.write("<!DOCTYPE html>\n");
+      out.write("<html>\n");
+      out.write("<head>\n");
+      out.write("    <meta charset=\"UTF-8\">\n");
+      out.write("    <title>OGNL / 参数绑定实验室 - Struts2</title>\n");
+      out.write("    <style>\n");
+      out.write("        body { font-family: Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 1000px; margin: 40px auto; padding: 20px; background:#f7f8fa; }\n");
+      out.write("        h1 { color:#8e44ad; }\n");
+      out.write("        .card { background:#fff; border-radius:12px; padding:20px; margin:18px 0; box-shadow:0 4px 14px rgba(0,0,0,.06); }\n");
+      out.write("        .lab { background:#fff7e6; border-left:4px solid #fa8c16; padding:15px; border-radius:8px; margin:20px 0; }\n");
+      out.write("        .form-row { display:flex; gap:12px; flex-wrap:wrap; margin:10px 0; }\n");
+      out.write("        input, select { padding:10px; min-width:180px; }\n");
+      out.write("        button { background:#8e44ad; color:#fff; border:none; padding:10px 18px; border-radius:6px; cursor:pointer; }\n");
+      out.write("        table { width:100%; border-collapse:collapse; margin-top:12px; }\n");
+      out.write("        th, td { border:1px solid #ddd; padding:10px; text-align:left; }\n");
+      out.write("        th { background:#8e44ad; color:white; }\n");
+      out.write("        code { background:#f0f0f0; padding:2px 6px; border-radius:4px; }\n");
+      out.write("    </style>\n");
+      out.write("</head>\n");
+      out.write("<body>\n");
+      out.write("    <h1>🧪 OGNL / 参数绑定实验室</h1>\n");
+      out.write("\n");
+      out.write("    <div class=\"lab\">\n");
+      out.write("        <strong>实验任务卡</strong>\n");
+      out.write("        <ul>\n");
+      out.write("            <li>输入关键字和最小年龄，观察 Struts2 如何自动绑定请求参数到 Action 字段</li>\n");
+      out.write("            <li>注意 <code>keyword</code>、<code>minAge</code>、<code>user.name</code> 这类命名会如何映射</li>\n");
+      out.write("            <li>观察页面里 <code>&lt;s:property&gt;</code>、<code>&lt;s:iterator&gt;</code> 如何读取 Action 中的数据</li>\n");
+      out.write("        </ul>\n");
+      out.write("    </div>\n");
+      out.write("\n");
+      out.write("    <div class=\"card\">\n");
+      out.write("        <h3>参数过滤实验</h3>\n");
+      out.write("        ");
+      if (_jspx_meth_s_005fform_005f0(_jspx_page_context))
+        return;
+      out.write("\n");
+      out.write("    </div>\n");
+      out.write("\n");
+      out.write("    <div class=\"card\">\n");
+      out.write("        <h3>绑定结果观察</h3>\n");
+      out.write("        <p>keyword = <code>");
+      if (_jspx_meth_s_005fproperty_005f0(_jspx_page_context))
+        return;
+      out.write("</code></p>\n");
+      out.write("        <p>minAge = <code>");
+      if (_jspx_meth_s_005fproperty_005f1(_jspx_page_context))
+        return;
+      out.write("</code></p>\n");
+      out.write("        <p>user.name = <code>");
+      if (_jspx_meth_s_005fproperty_005f2(_jspx_page_context))
+        return;
+      out.write("</code></p>\n");
+      out.write("        <p>tags = <code>");
+      if (_jspx_meth_s_005fproperty_005f3(_jspx_page_context))
+        return;
+      out.write("</code></p>\n");
+      out.write("    </div>\n");
+      out.write("\n");
+      out.write("    <div class=\"card\">\n");
+      out.write("        <h3>过滤后的用户列表</h3>\n");
+      out.write("        <table>\n");
+      out.write("            <tr><th>姓名</th><th>邮箱</th><th>年龄</th></tr>\n");
+      out.write("            ");
+      if (_jspx_meth_s_005fiterator_005f0(_jspx_page_context))
+        return;
+      out.write("\n");
+      out.write("        </table>\n");
+      out.write("    </div>\n");
+      out.write("\n");
+      out.write("    <div class=\"card\">\n");
+      out.write("        <h3>学习点</h3>\n");
+      out.write("        <ul>\n");
+      out.write("            <li><code>keyword</code> → 直接绑定到 Action 同名字段</li>\n");
+      out.write("            <li><code>user.name</code> → 绑定到嵌套对象属性</li>\n");
+      out.write("            <li><code>tags</code> → 多选值绑定到 <code>List&lt;String&gt;</code></li>\n");
+      out.write("            <li><code>&lt;s:iterator&gt;</code> 会遍历 Action 暴露出来的集合</li>\n");
+      out.write("        </ul>\n");
+      out.write("    </div>\n");
+      out.write("\n");
+      out.write("    <p><a href=\"learn\">← 返回学习中心</a></p>\n");
+      out.write("</body>\n");
+      out.write("</html>\n");
+    } catch (java.lang.Throwable t) {
+      if (!(t instanceof javax.servlet.jsp.SkipPageException)){
+        out = _jspx_out;
+        if (out != null && out.getBufferSize() != 0)
+          try {
+            if (response.isCommitted()) {
+              out.flush();
+            } else {
+              out.clearBuffer();
+            }
+          } catch (java.io.IOException e) {}
+        if (_jspx_page_context != null) _jspx_page_context.handlePageException(t);
+        else throw new ServletException(t);
+      }
+    } finally {
+      _jspxFactory.releasePageContext(_jspx_page_context);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private boolean _jspx_meth_s_005fform_005f0(javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context)
+          throws java.lang.Throwable {
+    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext = _jspx_page_context;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = _jspx_page_context.getOut();
+    //  s:form
+    org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.FormTag _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0 = (org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.FormTag) _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fform_0026_005fmethod_005faction.get(org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.FormTag.class);
+    boolean _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0_reused = false;
+    try {
+      _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0.setPageContext(_jspx_page_context);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0.setParent(null);
+      // /ognl-lab.jsp(36,8) name = action type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0.setAction("ognl_bind");
+      // /ognl-lab.jsp(36,8) name = method type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0.setMethod("post");
+      int _jspx_eval_s_005fform_005f0 = _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0.doStartTag();
+      if (_jspx_eval_s_005fform_005f0 != javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_BODY) {
+        if (_jspx_eval_s_005fform_005f0 != javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.EVAL_BODY_INCLUDE) {
+          out = org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.startBufferedBody(_jspx_page_context, _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0);
+        }
+        do {
+          out.write("\n");
+          out.write("            <div class=\"form-row\">\n");
+          out.write("                ");
+          if (_jspx_meth_s_005ftextfield_005f0(_jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0, _jspx_page_context))
+            return true;
+          out.write("\n");
+          out.write("                ");
+          if (_jspx_meth_s_005ftextfield_005f1(_jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0, _jspx_page_context))
+            return true;
+          out.write("\n");
+          out.write("            </div>\n");
+          out.write("            <div class=\"form-row\">\n");
+          out.write("                ");
+          if (_jspx_meth_s_005ftextfield_005f2(_jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0, _jspx_page_context))
+            return true;
+          out.write("\n");
+          out.write("                ");
+          if (_jspx_meth_s_005fcheckboxlist_005f0(_jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0, _jspx_page_context))
+            return true;
+          out.write("\n");
+          out.write("            </div>\n");
+          out.write("            <button type=\"submit\">执行绑定与过滤</button>\n");
+          out.write("        ");
+          int evalDoAfterBody = _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0.doAfterBody();
+          if (evalDoAfterBody != javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.BodyTag.EVAL_BODY_AGAIN)
+            break;
+        } while (true);
+        if (_jspx_eval_s_005fform_005f0 != javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.EVAL_BODY_INCLUDE) {
+          out = _jspx_page_context.popBody();
+        }
+      }
+      if (_jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0.doEndTag() == javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_PAGE) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fform_0026_005fmethod_005faction.reuse(_jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0_reused = true;
+    } finally {
+      org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.releaseTag(_jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0, _jsp_getInstanceManager(), _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0_reused);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  private boolean _jspx_meth_s_005ftextfield_005f0(javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.JspTag _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0, javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context)
+          throws java.lang.Throwable {
+    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext = _jspx_page_context;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = _jspx_page_context.getOut();
+    //  s:textfield
+    org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.TextFieldTag _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f0 = (org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.TextFieldTag) _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005ftextfield_0026_005fplaceholder_005fname_005flabel_005fnobody.get(org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.TextFieldTag.class);
+    boolean _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f0_reused = false;
+    try {
+      _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f0.setPageContext(_jspx_page_context);
+      _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f0.setParent((javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag) _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0);
+      // /ognl-lab.jsp(38,16) name = name type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f0.setName("keyword");
+      // /ognl-lab.jsp(38,16) name = label type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f0.setLabel("关键字");
+      // /ognl-lab.jsp(38,16) null
+      _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f0.setDynamicAttribute(null, "placeholder", "例如：张 / example");
+      int _jspx_eval_s_005ftextfield_005f0 = _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f0.doStartTag();
+      if (_jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f0.doEndTag() == javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_PAGE) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005ftextfield_0026_005fplaceholder_005fname_005flabel_005fnobody.reuse(_jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f0);
+      _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f0_reused = true;
+    } finally {
+      org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.releaseTag(_jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f0, _jsp_getInstanceManager(), _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f0_reused);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  private boolean _jspx_meth_s_005ftextfield_005f1(javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.JspTag _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0, javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context)
+          throws java.lang.Throwable {
+    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext = _jspx_page_context;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = _jspx_page_context.getOut();
+    //  s:textfield
+    org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.TextFieldTag _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f1 = (org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.TextFieldTag) _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005ftextfield_0026_005fplaceholder_005fname_005flabel_005fnobody.get(org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.TextFieldTag.class);
+    boolean _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f1_reused = false;
+    try {
+      _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f1.setPageContext(_jspx_page_context);
+      _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f1.setParent((javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag) _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0);
+      // /ognl-lab.jsp(39,16) name = name type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f1.setName("minAge");
+      // /ognl-lab.jsp(39,16) name = label type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f1.setLabel("最小年龄");
+      // /ognl-lab.jsp(39,16) null
+      _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f1.setDynamicAttribute(null, "placeholder", "例如：20");
+      int _jspx_eval_s_005ftextfield_005f1 = _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f1.doStartTag();
+      if (_jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f1.doEndTag() == javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_PAGE) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005ftextfield_0026_005fplaceholder_005fname_005flabel_005fnobody.reuse(_jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f1);
+      _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f1_reused = true;
+    } finally {
+      org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.releaseTag(_jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f1, _jsp_getInstanceManager(), _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f1_reused);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  private boolean _jspx_meth_s_005ftextfield_005f2(javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.JspTag _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0, javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context)
+          throws java.lang.Throwable {
+    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext = _jspx_page_context;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = _jspx_page_context.getOut();
+    //  s:textfield
+    org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.TextFieldTag _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f2 = (org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.TextFieldTag) _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005ftextfield_0026_005fplaceholder_005fname_005flabel_005fnobody.get(org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.TextFieldTag.class);
+    boolean _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f2_reused = false;
+    try {
+      _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f2.setPageContext(_jspx_page_context);
+      _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f2.setParent((javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag) _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0);
+      // /ognl-lab.jsp(42,16) name = name type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f2.setName("user.name");
+      // /ognl-lab.jsp(42,16) name = label type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f2.setLabel("嵌套对象 user.name");
+      // /ognl-lab.jsp(42,16) null
+      _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f2.setDynamicAttribute(null, "placeholder", "例如：测试用户");
+      int _jspx_eval_s_005ftextfield_005f2 = _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f2.doStartTag();
+      if (_jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f2.doEndTag() == javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_PAGE) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005ftextfield_0026_005fplaceholder_005fname_005flabel_005fnobody.reuse(_jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f2);
+      _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f2_reused = true;
+    } finally {
+      org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.releaseTag(_jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f2, _jsp_getInstanceManager(), _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f2_reused);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  private boolean _jspx_meth_s_005fcheckboxlist_005f0(javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.JspTag _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0, javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context)
+          throws java.lang.Throwable {
+    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext = _jspx_page_context;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = _jspx_page_context.getOut();
+    //  s:checkboxlist
+    org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.CheckboxListTag _jspx_th_s_005fcheckboxlist_005f0 = (org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.CheckboxListTag) _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fcheckboxlist_0026_005fname_005flist_005flabel_005fnobody.get(org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.CheckboxListTag.class);
+    boolean _jspx_th_s_005fcheckboxlist_005f0_reused = false;
+    try {
+      _jspx_th_s_005fcheckboxlist_005f0.setPageContext(_jspx_page_context);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fcheckboxlist_005f0.setParent((javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag) _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0);
+      // /ognl-lab.jsp(43,16) name = name type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005fcheckboxlist_005f0.setName("tags");
+      // /ognl-lab.jsp(43,16) name = label type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005fcheckboxlist_005f0.setLabel("兴趣标签");
+      // /ognl-lab.jsp(43,16) name = list type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = true fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005fcheckboxlist_005f0.setList("{'MVC','OGNL','Interceptor','JSP'}");
+      int _jspx_eval_s_005fcheckboxlist_005f0 = _jspx_th_s_005fcheckboxlist_005f0.doStartTag();
+      if (_jspx_th_s_005fcheckboxlist_005f0.doEndTag() == javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_PAGE) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fcheckboxlist_0026_005fname_005flist_005flabel_005fnobody.reuse(_jspx_th_s_005fcheckboxlist_005f0);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fcheckboxlist_005f0_reused = true;
+    } finally {
+      org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.releaseTag(_jspx_th_s_005fcheckboxlist_005f0, _jsp_getInstanceManager(), _jspx_th_s_005fcheckboxlist_005f0_reused);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  private boolean _jspx_meth_s_005fproperty_005f0(javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context)
+          throws java.lang.Throwable {
+    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext = _jspx_page_context;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = _jspx_page_context.getOut();
+    //  s:property
+    org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f0 = (org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag) _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fproperty_0026_005fvalue_005fdefault_005fnobody.get(org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag.class);
+    boolean _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f0_reused = false;
+    try {
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f0.setPageContext(_jspx_page_context);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f0.setParent(null);
+      // /ognl-lab.jsp(51,27) name = value type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f0.setValue("keyword");
+      // /ognl-lab.jsp(51,27) name = default type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f0.setDefault("(空)");
+      int _jspx_eval_s_005fproperty_005f0 = _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f0.doStartTag();
+      if (_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f0.doEndTag() == javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_PAGE) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fproperty_0026_005fvalue_005fdefault_005fnobody.reuse(_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f0);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f0_reused = true;
+    } finally {
+      org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.releaseTag(_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f0, _jsp_getInstanceManager(), _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f0_reused);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  private boolean _jspx_meth_s_005fproperty_005f1(javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context)
+          throws java.lang.Throwable {
+    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext = _jspx_page_context;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = _jspx_page_context.getOut();
+    //  s:property
+    org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f1 = (org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag) _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fproperty_0026_005fvalue_005fdefault_005fnobody.get(org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag.class);
+    boolean _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f1_reused = false;
+    try {
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f1.setPageContext(_jspx_page_context);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f1.setParent(null);
+      // /ognl-lab.jsp(52,26) name = value type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f1.setValue("minAge");
+      // /ognl-lab.jsp(52,26) name = default type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f1.setDefault("(空)");
+      int _jspx_eval_s_005fproperty_005f1 = _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f1.doStartTag();
+      if (_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f1.doEndTag() == javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_PAGE) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fproperty_0026_005fvalue_005fdefault_005fnobody.reuse(_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f1);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f1_reused = true;
+    } finally {
+      org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.releaseTag(_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f1, _jsp_getInstanceManager(), _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f1_reused);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  private boolean _jspx_meth_s_005fproperty_005f2(javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context)
+          throws java.lang.Throwable {
+    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext = _jspx_page_context;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = _jspx_page_context.getOut();
+    //  s:property
+    org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f2 = (org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag) _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fproperty_0026_005fvalue_005fdefault_005fnobody.get(org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag.class);
+    boolean _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f2_reused = false;
+    try {
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f2.setPageContext(_jspx_page_context);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f2.setParent(null);
+      // /ognl-lab.jsp(53,29) name = value type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f2.setValue("user.name");
+      // /ognl-lab.jsp(53,29) name = default type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f2.setDefault("(空)");
+      int _jspx_eval_s_005fproperty_005f2 = _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f2.doStartTag();
+      if (_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f2.doEndTag() == javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_PAGE) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fproperty_0026_005fvalue_005fdefault_005fnobody.reuse(_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f2);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f2_reused = true;
+    } finally {
+      org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.releaseTag(_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f2, _jsp_getInstanceManager(), _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f2_reused);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  private boolean _jspx_meth_s_005fproperty_005f3(javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context)
+          throws java.lang.Throwable {
+    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext = _jspx_page_context;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = _jspx_page_context.getOut();
+    //  s:property
+    org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f3 = (org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag) _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fproperty_0026_005fvalue_005fdefault_005fnobody.get(org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag.class);
+    boolean _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f3_reused = false;
+    try {
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f3.setPageContext(_jspx_page_context);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f3.setParent(null);
+      // /ognl-lab.jsp(54,24) name = value type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f3.setValue("tags");
+      // /ognl-lab.jsp(54,24) name = default type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f3.setDefault("[]");
+      int _jspx_eval_s_005fproperty_005f3 = _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f3.doStartTag();
+      if (_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f3.doEndTag() == javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_PAGE) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fproperty_0026_005fvalue_005fdefault_005fnobody.reuse(_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f3);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f3_reused = true;
+    } finally {
+      org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.releaseTag(_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f3, _jsp_getInstanceManager(), _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f3_reused);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  private boolean _jspx_meth_s_005fiterator_005f0(javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context)
+          throws java.lang.Throwable {
+    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext = _jspx_page_context;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = _jspx_page_context.getOut();
+    //  s:iterator
+    org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.IteratorTag _jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0 = (org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.IteratorTag) _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fiterator_0026_005fvar_005fvalue.get(org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.IteratorTag.class);
+    boolean _jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0_reused = false;
+    try {
+      _jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0.setPageContext(_jspx_page_context);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0.setParent(null);
+      // /ognl-lab.jsp(61,12) name = value type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0.setValue("filteredUsers");
+      // /ognl-lab.jsp(61,12) name = var type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0.setVar("u");
+      int _jspx_eval_s_005fiterator_005f0 = _jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0.doStartTag();
+      if (_jspx_eval_s_005fiterator_005f0 != javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_BODY) {
+        if (_jspx_eval_s_005fiterator_005f0 != javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.EVAL_BODY_INCLUDE) {
+          out = org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.startBufferedBody(_jspx_page_context, _jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0);
+        }
+        do {
+          out.write("\n");
+          out.write("                <tr>\n");
+          out.write("                    <td>");
+          if (_jspx_meth_s_005fproperty_005f4(_jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0, _jspx_page_context))
+            return true;
+          out.write("</td>\n");
+          out.write("                    <td>");
+          if (_jspx_meth_s_005fproperty_005f5(_jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0, _jspx_page_context))
+            return true;
+          out.write("</td>\n");
+          out.write("                    <td>");
+          if (_jspx_meth_s_005fproperty_005f6(_jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0, _jspx_page_context))
+            return true;
+          out.write("</td>\n");
+          out.write("                </tr>\n");
+          out.write("            ");
+          int evalDoAfterBody = _jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0.doAfterBody();
+          if (evalDoAfterBody != javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.BodyTag.EVAL_BODY_AGAIN)
+            break;
+        } while (true);
+        if (_jspx_eval_s_005fiterator_005f0 != javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.EVAL_BODY_INCLUDE) {
+          out = _jspx_page_context.popBody();
+        }
+      }
+      if (_jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0.doEndTag() == javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_PAGE) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fiterator_0026_005fvar_005fvalue.reuse(_jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0_reused = true;
+    } finally {
+      org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.releaseTag(_jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0, _jsp_getInstanceManager(), _jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0_reused);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  private boolean _jspx_meth_s_005fproperty_005f4(javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.JspTag _jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0, javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context)
+          throws java.lang.Throwable {
+    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext = _jspx_page_context;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = _jspx_page_context.getOut();
+    //  s:property
+    org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f4 = (org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag) _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fproperty_0026_005fvalue_005fnobody.get(org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag.class);
+    boolean _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f4_reused = false;
+    try {
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f4.setPageContext(_jspx_page_context);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f4.setParent((javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag) _jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0);
+      // /ognl-lab.jsp(63,24) name = value type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f4.setValue("#u.name");
+      int _jspx_eval_s_005fproperty_005f4 = _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f4.doStartTag();
+      if (_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f4.doEndTag() == javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_PAGE) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fproperty_0026_005fvalue_005fnobody.reuse(_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f4);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f4_reused = true;
+    } finally {
+      org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.releaseTag(_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f4, _jsp_getInstanceManager(), _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f4_reused);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  private boolean _jspx_meth_s_005fproperty_005f5(javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.JspTag _jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0, javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context)
+          throws java.lang.Throwable {
+    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext = _jspx_page_context;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = _jspx_page_context.getOut();
+    //  s:property
+    org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f5 = (org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag) _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fproperty_0026_005fvalue_005fnobody.get(org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag.class);
+    boolean _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f5_reused = false;
+    try {
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f5.setPageContext(_jspx_page_context);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f5.setParent((javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag) _jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0);
+      // /ognl-lab.jsp(64,24) name = value type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f5.setValue("#u.email");
+      int _jspx_eval_s_005fproperty_005f5 = _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f5.doStartTag();
+      if (_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f5.doEndTag() == javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_PAGE) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fproperty_0026_005fvalue_005fnobody.reuse(_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f5);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f5_reused = true;
+    } finally {
+      org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.releaseTag(_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f5, _jsp_getInstanceManager(), _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f5_reused);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  private boolean _jspx_meth_s_005fproperty_005f6(javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.JspTag _jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0, javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context)
+          throws java.lang.Throwable {
+    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext = _jspx_page_context;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = _jspx_page_context.getOut();
+    //  s:property
+    org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f6 = (org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag) _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fproperty_0026_005fvalue_005fnobody.get(org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag.class);
+    boolean _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f6_reused = false;
+    try {
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f6.setPageContext(_jspx_page_context);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f6.setParent((javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag) _jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0);
+      // /ognl-lab.jsp(65,24) name = value type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f6.setValue("#u.age");
+      int _jspx_eval_s_005fproperty_005f6 = _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f6.doStartTag();
+      if (_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f6.doEndTag() == javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_PAGE) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fproperty_0026_005fvalue_005fnobody.reuse(_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f6);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f6_reused = true;
+    } finally {
+      org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.releaseTag(_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f6, _jsp_getInstanceManager(), _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f6_reused);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+}

target/tmp/jsp/org/apache/jsp/user_002dform_jsp.java

@@ -0,0 +1,561 @@
+/*
+ * Generated by the Jasper component of Apache Tomcat
+ * Version: jetty/9.4.54.v20240208
+ * Generated at: 2026-03-12 22:22:06 UTC
+ * Note: The last modified time of this file was set to
+ *       the last modified time of the source file after
+ *       generation to assist with modification tracking.
+ */
+package org.apache.jsp;
+
+import javax.servlet.*;
+import javax.servlet.http.*;
+import javax.servlet.jsp.*;
+
+public final class user_002dform_jsp extends org.apache.jasper.runtime.HttpJspBase
+    implements org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspSourceDependent,
+                 org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspSourceImports {
+
+  private static final javax.servlet.jsp.JspFactory _jspxFactory =
+          javax.servlet.jsp.JspFactory.getDefaultFactory();
+
+  private static java.util.Map<java.lang.String,java.lang.Long> _jspx_dependants;
+
+  static {
+    _jspx_dependants = new java.util.HashMap<java.lang.String,java.lang.Long>(2);
+    _jspx_dependants.put("file:/home/llm/.m2/repository/org/apache/struts/struts2-core/6.4.0/struts2-core-6.4.0.jar", Long.valueOf(1772603570859L));
+    _jspx_dependants.put("jar:file:/home/llm/.m2/repository/org/apache/struts/struts2-core/6.4.0/struts2-core-6.4.0.jar!/META-INF/struts-tags.tld", Long.valueOf(1712452520000L));
+  }
+
+  private static final java.util.Set<java.lang.String> _jspx_imports_packages;
+
+  private static final java.util.Set<java.lang.String> _jspx_imports_classes;
+
+  static {
+    _jspx_imports_packages = new java.util.HashSet<>();
+    _jspx_imports_packages.add("javax.servlet");
+    _jspx_imports_packages.add("javax.servlet.http");
+    _jspx_imports_packages.add("javax.servlet.jsp");
+    _jspx_imports_classes = null;
+  }
+
+  private org.apache.jasper.runtime.TagHandlerPool _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fif_0026_005ftest;
+  private org.apache.jasper.runtime.TagHandlerPool _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005felse;
+  private org.apache.jasper.runtime.TagHandlerPool _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fform_0026_005fmethod_005faction;
+  private org.apache.jasper.runtime.TagHandlerPool _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fhidden_0026_005fname_005fnobody;
+  private org.apache.jasper.runtime.TagHandlerPool _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005ftextfield_0026_005fplaceholder_005fname_005fnobody;
+  private org.apache.jasper.runtime.TagHandlerPool _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005ffielderror_0026_005ffieldName_005fcssStyle_005fnobody;
+
+  private volatile javax.el.ExpressionFactory _el_expressionfactory;
+  private volatile org.apache.tomcat.InstanceManager _jsp_instancemanager;
+
+  public java.util.Map<java.lang.String,java.lang.Long> getDependants() {
+    return _jspx_dependants;
+  }
+
+  public java.util.Set<java.lang.String> getPackageImports() {
+    return _jspx_imports_packages;
+  }
+
+  public java.util.Set<java.lang.String> getClassImports() {
+    return _jspx_imports_classes;
+  }
+
+  public javax.el.ExpressionFactory _jsp_getExpressionFactory() {
+    if (_el_expressionfactory == null) {
+      synchronized (this) {
+        if (_el_expressionfactory == null) {
+          _el_expressionfactory = _jspxFactory.getJspApplicationContext(getServletConfig().getServletContext()).getExpressionFactory();
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return _el_expressionfactory;
+  }
+
+  public org.apache.tomcat.InstanceManager _jsp_getInstanceManager() {
+    if (_jsp_instancemanager == null) {
+      synchronized (this) {
+        if (_jsp_instancemanager == null) {
+          _jsp_instancemanager = org.apache.jasper.runtime.InstanceManagerFactory.getInstanceManager(getServletConfig());
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return _jsp_instancemanager;
+  }
+
+  public void _jspInit() {
+    _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fif_0026_005ftest = org.apache.jasper.runtime.TagHandlerPool.getTagHandlerPool(getServletConfig());
+    _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005felse = org.apache.jasper.runtime.TagHandlerPool.getTagHandlerPool(getServletConfig());
+    _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fform_0026_005fmethod_005faction = org.apache.jasper.runtime.TagHandlerPool.getTagHandlerPool(getServletConfig());
+    _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fhidden_0026_005fname_005fnobody = org.apache.jasper.runtime.TagHandlerPool.getTagHandlerPool(getServletConfig());
+    _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005ftextfield_0026_005fplaceholder_005fname_005fnobody = org.apache.jasper.runtime.TagHandlerPool.getTagHandlerPool(getServletConfig());
+    _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005ffielderror_0026_005ffieldName_005fcssStyle_005fnobody = org.apache.jasper.runtime.TagHandlerPool.getTagHandlerPool(getServletConfig());
+  }
+
+  public void _jspDestroy() {
+    _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fif_0026_005ftest.release();
+    _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005felse.release();
+    _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fform_0026_005fmethod_005faction.release();
+    _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fhidden_0026_005fname_005fnobody.release();
+    _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005ftextfield_0026_005fplaceholder_005fname_005fnobody.release();
+    _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005ffielderror_0026_005ffieldName_005fcssStyle_005fnobody.release();
+  }
+
+  public void _jspService(final javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest request, final javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse response)
+      throws java.io.IOException, javax.servlet.ServletException {
+
+    final java.lang.String _jspx_method = request.getMethod();
+    if (!"GET".equals(_jspx_method) && !"POST".equals(_jspx_method) && !"HEAD".equals(_jspx_method) && !javax.servlet.DispatcherType.ERROR.equals(request.getDispatcherType())) {
+      response.sendError(HttpServletResponse.SC_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED, "JSPs only permit GET, POST or HEAD. Jasper also permits OPTIONS");
+      return;
+    }
+
+    final javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext;
+    javax.servlet.http.HttpSession session = null;
+    final javax.servlet.ServletContext application;
+    final javax.servlet.ServletConfig config;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = null;
+    final java.lang.Object page = this;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter _jspx_out = null;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context = null;
+
+
+    try {
+      response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");
+      pageContext = _jspxFactory.getPageContext(this, request, response,
+      			null, true, 8192, true);
+      _jspx_page_context = pageContext;
+      application = pageContext.getServletContext();
+      config = pageContext.getServletConfig();
+      session = pageContext.getSession();
+      out = pageContext.getOut();
+      _jspx_out = out;
+
+      out.write("\n");
+      out.write("\n");
+      out.write("<!DOCTYPE html>\n");
+      out.write("<html>\n");
+      out.write("<head>\n");
+      out.write("    <meta charset=\"UTF-8\">\n");
+      out.write("    <title>用户表单 - Struts2</title>\n");
+      out.write("    <style>\n");
+      out.write("        body { font-family: Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 700px; margin: 40px auto; padding: 20px; background:#f7f8fa; }\n");
+      out.write("        h1 { color: #e74c3c; }\n");
+      out.write("        .form-group { margin: 15px 0; }\n");
+      out.write("        label { display: block; margin-bottom: 5px; font-weight: bold; }\n");
+      out.write("        input { width: 100%; padding: 10px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box; }\n");
+      out.write("        button { background: #3498db; color: white; padding: 12px 24px; border: none; cursor: pointer; margin-top: 10px; border-radius:6px; }\n");
+      out.write("        button:hover { background: #2980b9; }\n");
+      out.write("        .lab, .tip { background:#fff; padding:15px; border-radius:10px; margin:18px 0; box-shadow:0 4px 14px rgba(0,0,0,.06); }\n");
+      out.write("        .lab { background:#fff7e6; border-left:4px solid #fa8c16; }\n");
+      out.write("        .quick { display:flex; gap:10px; flex-wrap:wrap; }\n");
+      out.write("        .quick button { margin-top:0; }\n");
+      out.write("    </style>\n");
+      out.write("</head>\n");
+      out.write("<body>\n");
+      out.write("    <h1>");
+      if (_jspx_meth_s_005fif_005f0(_jspx_page_context))
+        return;
+      if (_jspx_meth_s_005felse_005f0(_jspx_page_context))
+        return;
+      out.write("</h1>\n");
+      out.write("\n");
+      out.write("    <div class=\"lab\">\n");
+      out.write("        <strong>实验任务卡</strong>\n");
+      out.write("        <ul>\n");
+      out.write("            <li>试着新增一个完整用户，提交后观察为什么回到列表页</li>\n");
+      out.write("            <li>再故意填一个不合理年龄，看当前脚手架是否已经做服务端校验</li>\n");
+      out.write("            <li>思考：如果要做更严谨校验，你会把规则放在 Action、拦截器，还是 XML/注解里？</li>\n");
+      out.write("        </ul>\n");
+      out.write("    </div>\n");
+      out.write("\n");
+      out.write("    <div class=\"tip\">\n");
+      out.write("        <strong>快速填充示例</strong>\n");
+      out.write("        <div class=\"quick\">\n");
+      out.write("            <button type=\"button\" onclick=\"fillExample('赵六','zhaoliu@example.com',26)\">填入正常示例</button>\n");
+      out.write("            <button type=\"button\" onclick=\"fillExample('测试用户','bad-email',-1)\">填入异常示例</button>\n");
+      out.write("        </div>\n");
+      out.write("    </div>\n");
+      out.write("    \n");
+      out.write("    ");
+      if (_jspx_meth_s_005fform_005f0(_jspx_page_context))
+        return;
+      out.write("\n");
+      out.write("    \n");
+      out.write("    <div class=\"tip\">\n");
+      out.write("        <strong>学习点</strong>\n");
+      out.write("        <ul>\n");
+      out.write("            <li>表单字段名 <code>user.name</code> / <code>user.email</code> / <code>user.age</code> 会映射到嵌套对象</li>\n");
+      out.write("            <li>当进入编辑页时，Action 会先根据 <code>id</code> 找到已有对象并回填</li>\n");
+      out.write("            <li>提交成功后通过 <code>redirectAction</code> 返回列表页，避免刷新重复提交</li>\n");
+      out.write("        </ul>\n");
+      out.write("    </div>\n");
+      out.write("    \n");
+      out.write("    <p><a href=\"user\">← 返回用户列表</a></p>\n");
+      out.write("\n");
+      out.write("    <script>\n");
+      out.write("        function fillExample(name, email, age) {\n");
+      out.write("            const inputs = document.querySelectorAll('input[type=\"text\"]');\n");
+      out.write("            if (inputs[0]) inputs[0].value = name;\n");
+      out.write("            if (inputs[1]) inputs[1].value = email;\n");
+      out.write("            if (inputs[2]) inputs[2].value = age;\n");
+      out.write("        }\n");
+      out.write("    </script>\n");
+      out.write("</body>\n");
+      out.write("</html>\n");
+    } catch (java.lang.Throwable t) {
+      if (!(t instanceof javax.servlet.jsp.SkipPageException)){
+        out = _jspx_out;
+        if (out != null && out.getBufferSize() != 0)
+          try {
+            if (response.isCommitted()) {
+              out.flush();
+            } else {
+              out.clearBuffer();
+            }
+          } catch (java.io.IOException e) {}
+        if (_jspx_page_context != null) _jspx_page_context.handlePageException(t);
+        else throw new ServletException(t);
+      }
+    } finally {
+      _jspxFactory.releasePageContext(_jspx_page_context);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private boolean _jspx_meth_s_005fif_005f0(javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context)
+          throws java.lang.Throwable {
+    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext = _jspx_page_context;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = _jspx_page_context.getOut();
+    //  s:if
+    org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.IfTag _jspx_th_s_005fif_005f0 = (org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.IfTag) _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fif_0026_005ftest.get(org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.IfTag.class);
+    boolean _jspx_th_s_005fif_005f0_reused = false;
+    try {
+      _jspx_th_s_005fif_005f0.setPageContext(_jspx_page_context);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fif_005f0.setParent(null);
+      // /user-form.jsp(23,8) name = test type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = true fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005fif_005f0.setTest("user.id == null");
+      int _jspx_eval_s_005fif_005f0 = _jspx_th_s_005fif_005f0.doStartTag();
+      if (_jspx_eval_s_005fif_005f0 != javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_BODY) {
+        if (_jspx_eval_s_005fif_005f0 != javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.EVAL_BODY_INCLUDE) {
+          out = org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.startBufferedBody(_jspx_page_context, _jspx_th_s_005fif_005f0);
+        }
+        do {
+          out.write("添加用户");
+          int evalDoAfterBody = _jspx_th_s_005fif_005f0.doAfterBody();
+          if (evalDoAfterBody != javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.BodyTag.EVAL_BODY_AGAIN)
+            break;
+        } while (true);
+        if (_jspx_eval_s_005fif_005f0 != javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.EVAL_BODY_INCLUDE) {
+          out = _jspx_page_context.popBody();
+        }
+      }
+      if (_jspx_th_s_005fif_005f0.doEndTag() == javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_PAGE) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fif_0026_005ftest.reuse(_jspx_th_s_005fif_005f0);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fif_005f0_reused = true;
+    } finally {
+      org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.releaseTag(_jspx_th_s_005fif_005f0, _jsp_getInstanceManager(), _jspx_th_s_005fif_005f0_reused);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  private boolean _jspx_meth_s_005felse_005f0(javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context)
+          throws java.lang.Throwable {
+    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext = _jspx_page_context;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = _jspx_page_context.getOut();
+    //  s:else
+    org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ElseTag _jspx_th_s_005felse_005f0 = (org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ElseTag) _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005felse.get(org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ElseTag.class);
+    boolean _jspx_th_s_005felse_005f0_reused = false;
+    try {
+      _jspx_th_s_005felse_005f0.setPageContext(_jspx_page_context);
+      _jspx_th_s_005felse_005f0.setParent(null);
+      int _jspx_eval_s_005felse_005f0 = _jspx_th_s_005felse_005f0.doStartTag();
+      if (_jspx_eval_s_005felse_005f0 != javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_BODY) {
+        if (_jspx_eval_s_005felse_005f0 != javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.EVAL_BODY_INCLUDE) {
+          out = org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.startBufferedBody(_jspx_page_context, _jspx_th_s_005felse_005f0);
+        }
+        do {
+          out.write("编辑用户");
+          int evalDoAfterBody = _jspx_th_s_005felse_005f0.doAfterBody();
+          if (evalDoAfterBody != javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.BodyTag.EVAL_BODY_AGAIN)
+            break;
+        } while (true);
+        if (_jspx_eval_s_005felse_005f0 != javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.EVAL_BODY_INCLUDE) {
+          out = _jspx_page_context.popBody();
+        }
+      }
+      if (_jspx_th_s_005felse_005f0.doEndTag() == javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_PAGE) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005felse.reuse(_jspx_th_s_005felse_005f0);
+      _jspx_th_s_005felse_005f0_reused = true;
+    } finally {
+      org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.releaseTag(_jspx_th_s_005felse_005f0, _jsp_getInstanceManager(), _jspx_th_s_005felse_005f0_reused);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  private boolean _jspx_meth_s_005fform_005f0(javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context)
+          throws java.lang.Throwable {
+    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext = _jspx_page_context;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = _jspx_page_context.getOut();
+    //  s:form
+    org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.FormTag _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0 = (org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.FormTag) _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fform_0026_005fmethod_005faction.get(org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.FormTag.class);
+    boolean _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0_reused = false;
+    try {
+      _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0.setPageContext(_jspx_page_context);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0.setParent(null);
+      // /user-form.jsp(42,4) name = action type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0.setAction("%{user.id == null ? 'user_add' : 'user_update'}");
+      // /user-form.jsp(42,4) name = method type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0.setMethod("post");
+      int _jspx_eval_s_005fform_005f0 = _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0.doStartTag();
+      if (_jspx_eval_s_005fform_005f0 != javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_BODY) {
+        if (_jspx_eval_s_005fform_005f0 != javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.EVAL_BODY_INCLUDE) {
+          out = org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.startBufferedBody(_jspx_page_context, _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0);
+        }
+        do {
+          out.write("\n");
+          out.write("        ");
+          if (_jspx_meth_s_005fhidden_005f0(_jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0, _jspx_page_context))
+            return true;
+          out.write("\n");
+          out.write("        \n");
+          out.write("        <div class=\"form-group\">\n");
+          out.write("            <label>姓名:</label>\n");
+          out.write("            ");
+          if (_jspx_meth_s_005ftextfield_005f0(_jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0, _jspx_page_context))
+            return true;
+          out.write("\n");
+          out.write("            ");
+          if (_jspx_meth_s_005ffielderror_005f0(_jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0, _jspx_page_context))
+            return true;
+          out.write("\n");
+          out.write("        </div>\n");
+          out.write("        \n");
+          out.write("        <div class=\"form-group\">\n");
+          out.write("            <label>邮箱:</label>\n");
+          out.write("            ");
+          if (_jspx_meth_s_005ftextfield_005f1(_jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0, _jspx_page_context))
+            return true;
+          out.write("\n");
+          out.write("            ");
+          if (_jspx_meth_s_005ffielderror_005f1(_jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0, _jspx_page_context))
+            return true;
+          out.write("\n");
+          out.write("        </div>\n");
+          out.write("        \n");
+          out.write("        <div class=\"form-group\">\n");
+          out.write("            <label>年龄:</label>\n");
+          out.write("            ");
+          if (_jspx_meth_s_005ftextfield_005f2(_jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0, _jspx_page_context))
+            return true;
+          out.write("\n");
+          out.write("            ");
+          if (_jspx_meth_s_005ffielderror_005f2(_jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0, _jspx_page_context))
+            return true;
+          out.write("\n");
+          out.write("        </div>\n");
+          out.write("        \n");
+          out.write("        <button type=\"submit\">保存</button>\n");
+          out.write("    ");
+          int evalDoAfterBody = _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0.doAfterBody();
+          if (evalDoAfterBody != javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.BodyTag.EVAL_BODY_AGAIN)
+            break;
+        } while (true);
+        if (_jspx_eval_s_005fform_005f0 != javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.EVAL_BODY_INCLUDE) {
+          out = _jspx_page_context.popBody();
+        }
+      }
+      if (_jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0.doEndTag() == javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_PAGE) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fform_0026_005fmethod_005faction.reuse(_jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0_reused = true;
+    } finally {
+      org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.releaseTag(_jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0, _jsp_getInstanceManager(), _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0_reused);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  private boolean _jspx_meth_s_005fhidden_005f0(javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.JspTag _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0, javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context)
+          throws java.lang.Throwable {
+    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext = _jspx_page_context;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = _jspx_page_context.getOut();
+    //  s:hidden
+    org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.HiddenTag _jspx_th_s_005fhidden_005f0 = (org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.HiddenTag) _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fhidden_0026_005fname_005fnobody.get(org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.HiddenTag.class);
+    boolean _jspx_th_s_005fhidden_005f0_reused = false;
+    try {
+      _jspx_th_s_005fhidden_005f0.setPageContext(_jspx_page_context);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fhidden_005f0.setParent((javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag) _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0);
+      // /user-form.jsp(43,8) name = name type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005fhidden_005f0.setName("user.id");
+      int _jspx_eval_s_005fhidden_005f0 = _jspx_th_s_005fhidden_005f0.doStartTag();
+      if (_jspx_th_s_005fhidden_005f0.doEndTag() == javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_PAGE) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fhidden_0026_005fname_005fnobody.reuse(_jspx_th_s_005fhidden_005f0);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fhidden_005f0_reused = true;
+    } finally {
+      org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.releaseTag(_jspx_th_s_005fhidden_005f0, _jsp_getInstanceManager(), _jspx_th_s_005fhidden_005f0_reused);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  private boolean _jspx_meth_s_005ftextfield_005f0(javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.JspTag _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0, javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context)
+          throws java.lang.Throwable {
+    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext = _jspx_page_context;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = _jspx_page_context.getOut();
+    //  s:textfield
+    org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.TextFieldTag _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f0 = (org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.TextFieldTag) _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005ftextfield_0026_005fplaceholder_005fname_005fnobody.get(org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.TextFieldTag.class);
+    boolean _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f0_reused = false;
+    try {
+      _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f0.setPageContext(_jspx_page_context);
+      _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f0.setParent((javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag) _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0);
+      // /user-form.jsp(47,12) name = name type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f0.setName("user.name");
+      // /user-form.jsp(47,12) null
+      _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f0.setDynamicAttribute(null, "placeholder", "请输入姓名");
+      int _jspx_eval_s_005ftextfield_005f0 = _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f0.doStartTag();
+      if (_jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f0.doEndTag() == javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_PAGE) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005ftextfield_0026_005fplaceholder_005fname_005fnobody.reuse(_jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f0);
+      _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f0_reused = true;
+    } finally {
+      org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.releaseTag(_jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f0, _jsp_getInstanceManager(), _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f0_reused);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  private boolean _jspx_meth_s_005ffielderror_005f0(javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.JspTag _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0, javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context)
+          throws java.lang.Throwable {
+    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext = _jspx_page_context;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = _jspx_page_context.getOut();
+    //  s:fielderror
+    org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.FieldErrorTag _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f0 = (org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.FieldErrorTag) _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005ffielderror_0026_005ffieldName_005fcssStyle_005fnobody.get(org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.FieldErrorTag.class);
+    boolean _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f0_reused = false;
+    try {
+      _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f0.setPageContext(_jspx_page_context);
+      _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f0.setParent((javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag) _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0);
+      // /user-form.jsp(48,12) name = fieldName type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f0.setFieldName("user.name");
+      // /user-form.jsp(48,12) name = cssStyle type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f0.setCssStyle("color:#e74c3c;font-size:12px;");
+      int _jspx_eval_s_005ffielderror_005f0 = _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f0.doStartTag();
+      if (_jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f0.doEndTag() == javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_PAGE) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005ffielderror_0026_005ffieldName_005fcssStyle_005fnobody.reuse(_jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f0);
+      _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f0_reused = true;
+    } finally {
+      org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.releaseTag(_jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f0, _jsp_getInstanceManager(), _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f0_reused);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  private boolean _jspx_meth_s_005ftextfield_005f1(javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.JspTag _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0, javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context)
+          throws java.lang.Throwable {
+    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext = _jspx_page_context;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = _jspx_page_context.getOut();
+    //  s:textfield
+    org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.TextFieldTag _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f1 = (org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.TextFieldTag) _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005ftextfield_0026_005fplaceholder_005fname_005fnobody.get(org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.TextFieldTag.class);
+    boolean _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f1_reused = false;
+    try {
+      _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f1.setPageContext(_jspx_page_context);
+      _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f1.setParent((javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag) _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0);
+      // /user-form.jsp(53,12) name = name type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f1.setName("user.email");
+      // /user-form.jsp(53,12) null
+      _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f1.setDynamicAttribute(null, "placeholder", "请输入邮箱");
+      int _jspx_eval_s_005ftextfield_005f1 = _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f1.doStartTag();
+      if (_jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f1.doEndTag() == javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_PAGE) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005ftextfield_0026_005fplaceholder_005fname_005fnobody.reuse(_jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f1);
+      _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f1_reused = true;
+    } finally {
+      org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.releaseTag(_jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f1, _jsp_getInstanceManager(), _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f1_reused);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  private boolean _jspx_meth_s_005ffielderror_005f1(javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.JspTag _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0, javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context)
+          throws java.lang.Throwable {
+    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext = _jspx_page_context;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = _jspx_page_context.getOut();
+    //  s:fielderror
+    org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.FieldErrorTag _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f1 = (org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.FieldErrorTag) _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005ffielderror_0026_005ffieldName_005fcssStyle_005fnobody.get(org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.FieldErrorTag.class);
+    boolean _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f1_reused = false;
+    try {
+      _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f1.setPageContext(_jspx_page_context);
+      _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f1.setParent((javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag) _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0);
+      // /user-form.jsp(54,12) name = fieldName type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f1.setFieldName("user.email");
+      // /user-form.jsp(54,12) name = cssStyle type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f1.setCssStyle("color:#e74c3c;font-size:12px;");
+      int _jspx_eval_s_005ffielderror_005f1 = _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f1.doStartTag();
+      if (_jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f1.doEndTag() == javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_PAGE) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005ffielderror_0026_005ffieldName_005fcssStyle_005fnobody.reuse(_jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f1);
+      _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f1_reused = true;
+    } finally {
+      org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.releaseTag(_jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f1, _jsp_getInstanceManager(), _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f1_reused);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  private boolean _jspx_meth_s_005ftextfield_005f2(javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.JspTag _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0, javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context)
+          throws java.lang.Throwable {
+    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext = _jspx_page_context;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = _jspx_page_context.getOut();
+    //  s:textfield
+    org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.TextFieldTag _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f2 = (org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.TextFieldTag) _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005ftextfield_0026_005fplaceholder_005fname_005fnobody.get(org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.TextFieldTag.class);
+    boolean _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f2_reused = false;
+    try {
+      _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f2.setPageContext(_jspx_page_context);
+      _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f2.setParent((javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag) _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0);
+      // /user-form.jsp(59,12) name = name type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f2.setName("user.age");
+      // /user-form.jsp(59,12) null
+      _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f2.setDynamicAttribute(null, "placeholder", "请输入年龄");
+      int _jspx_eval_s_005ftextfield_005f2 = _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f2.doStartTag();
+      if (_jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f2.doEndTag() == javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_PAGE) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005ftextfield_0026_005fplaceholder_005fname_005fnobody.reuse(_jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f2);
+      _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f2_reused = true;
+    } finally {
+      org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.releaseTag(_jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f2, _jsp_getInstanceManager(), _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f2_reused);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  private boolean _jspx_meth_s_005ffielderror_005f2(javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.JspTag _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0, javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context)
+          throws java.lang.Throwable {
+    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext = _jspx_page_context;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = _jspx_page_context.getOut();
+    //  s:fielderror
+    org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.FieldErrorTag _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f2 = (org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.FieldErrorTag) _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005ffielderror_0026_005ffieldName_005fcssStyle_005fnobody.get(org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.FieldErrorTag.class);
+    boolean _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f2_reused = false;
+    try {
+      _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f2.setPageContext(_jspx_page_context);
+      _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f2.setParent((javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag) _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0);
+      // /user-form.jsp(60,12) name = fieldName type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f2.setFieldName("user.age");
+      // /user-form.jsp(60,12) name = cssStyle type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f2.setCssStyle("color:#e74c3c;font-size:12px;");
+      int _jspx_eval_s_005ffielderror_005f2 = _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f2.doStartTag();
+      if (_jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f2.doEndTag() == javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_PAGE) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005ffielderror_0026_005ffieldName_005fcssStyle_005fnobody.reuse(_jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f2);
+      _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f2_reused = true;
+    } finally {
+      org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.releaseTag(_jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f2, _jsp_getInstanceManager(), _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f2_reused);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+}

target/tmp/jsp/org/apache/jsp/user_002dlist_jsp.java

@@ -0,0 +1,453 @@
+/*
+ * Generated by the Jasper component of Apache Tomcat
+ * Version: jetty/9.4.54.v20240208
+ * Generated at: 2026-03-12 11:40:06 UTC
+ * Note: The last modified time of this file was set to
+ *       the last modified time of the source file after
+ *       generation to assist with modification tracking.
+ */
+package org.apache.jsp;
+
+import javax.servlet.*;
+import javax.servlet.http.*;
+import javax.servlet.jsp.*;
+
+public final class user_002dlist_jsp extends org.apache.jasper.runtime.HttpJspBase
+    implements org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspSourceDependent,
+                 org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspSourceImports {
+
+  private static final javax.servlet.jsp.JspFactory _jspxFactory =
+          javax.servlet.jsp.JspFactory.getDefaultFactory();
+
+  private static java.util.Map<java.lang.String,java.lang.Long> _jspx_dependants;
+
+  static {
+    _jspx_dependants = new java.util.HashMap<java.lang.String,java.lang.Long>(2);
+    _jspx_dependants.put("file:/home/llm/.m2/repository/org/apache/struts/struts2-core/6.4.0/struts2-core-6.4.0.jar", Long.valueOf(1772603570859L));
+    _jspx_dependants.put("jar:file:/home/llm/.m2/repository/org/apache/struts/struts2-core/6.4.0/struts2-core-6.4.0.jar!/META-INF/struts-tags.tld", Long.valueOf(1712452520000L));
+  }
+
+  private static final java.util.Set<java.lang.String> _jspx_imports_packages;
+
+  private static final java.util.Set<java.lang.String> _jspx_imports_classes;
+
+  static {
+    _jspx_imports_packages = new java.util.HashSet<>();
+    _jspx_imports_packages.add("javax.servlet");
+    _jspx_imports_packages.add("javax.servlet.http");
+    _jspx_imports_packages.add("javax.servlet.jsp");
+    _jspx_imports_classes = null;
+  }
+
+  private org.apache.jasper.runtime.TagHandlerPool _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fproperty_0026_005fvalue_005fnobody;
+  private org.apache.jasper.runtime.TagHandlerPool _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fiterator_0026_005fvar_005fvalue;
+
+  private volatile javax.el.ExpressionFactory _el_expressionfactory;
+  private volatile org.apache.tomcat.InstanceManager _jsp_instancemanager;
+
+  public java.util.Map<java.lang.String,java.lang.Long> getDependants() {
+    return _jspx_dependants;
+  }
+
+  public java.util.Set<java.lang.String> getPackageImports() {
+    return _jspx_imports_packages;
+  }
+
+  public java.util.Set<java.lang.String> getClassImports() {
+    return _jspx_imports_classes;
+  }
+
+  public javax.el.ExpressionFactory _jsp_getExpressionFactory() {
+    if (_el_expressionfactory == null) {
+      synchronized (this) {
+        if (_el_expressionfactory == null) {
+          _el_expressionfactory = _jspxFactory.getJspApplicationContext(getServletConfig().getServletContext()).getExpressionFactory();
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return _el_expressionfactory;
+  }
+
+  public org.apache.tomcat.InstanceManager _jsp_getInstanceManager() {
+    if (_jsp_instancemanager == null) {
+      synchronized (this) {
+        if (_jsp_instancemanager == null) {
+          _jsp_instancemanager = org.apache.jasper.runtime.InstanceManagerFactory.getInstanceManager(getServletConfig());
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return _jsp_instancemanager;
+  }
+
+  public void _jspInit() {
+    _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fproperty_0026_005fvalue_005fnobody = org.apache.jasper.runtime.TagHandlerPool.getTagHandlerPool(getServletConfig());
+    _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fiterator_0026_005fvar_005fvalue = org.apache.jasper.runtime.TagHandlerPool.getTagHandlerPool(getServletConfig());
+  }
+
+  public void _jspDestroy() {
+    _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fproperty_0026_005fvalue_005fnobody.release();
+    _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fiterator_0026_005fvar_005fvalue.release();
+  }
+
+  public void _jspService(final javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest request, final javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse response)
+      throws java.io.IOException, javax.servlet.ServletException {
+
+    final java.lang.String _jspx_method = request.getMethod();
+    if (!"GET".equals(_jspx_method) && !"POST".equals(_jspx_method) && !"HEAD".equals(_jspx_method) && !javax.servlet.DispatcherType.ERROR.equals(request.getDispatcherType())) {
+      response.sendError(HttpServletResponse.SC_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED, "JSPs only permit GET, POST or HEAD. Jasper also permits OPTIONS");
+      return;
+    }
+
+    final javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext;
+    javax.servlet.http.HttpSession session = null;
+    final javax.servlet.ServletContext application;
+    final javax.servlet.ServletConfig config;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = null;
+    final java.lang.Object page = this;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter _jspx_out = null;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context = null;
+
+
+    try {
+      response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");
+      pageContext = _jspxFactory.getPageContext(this, request, response,
+      			null, true, 8192, true);
+      _jspx_page_context = pageContext;
+      application = pageContext.getServletContext();
+      config = pageContext.getServletConfig();
+      session = pageContext.getSession();
+      out = pageContext.getOut();
+      _jspx_out = out;
+
+      out.write("\n");
+      out.write("\n");
+      out.write("<!DOCTYPE html>\n");
+      out.write("<html>\n");
+      out.write("<head>\n");
+      out.write("    <meta charset=\"UTF-8\">\n");
+      out.write("    <title>用户管理 - Struts2 CRUD 示例</title>\n");
+      out.write("    <style>\n");
+      out.write("        body { font-family: Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 1000px; margin: 40px auto; padding: 20px; background:#f7f8fa; }\n");
+      out.write("        h1 { color: #e74c3c; }\n");
+      out.write("        table { width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 20px 0; background:#fff; }\n");
+      out.write("        th, td { border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px; text-align: left; }\n");
+      out.write("        th { background: #3498db; color: white; }\n");
+      out.write("        tr:nth-child(even) { background: #f9f9f9; }\n");
+      out.write("        .btn { padding: 6px 12px; text-decoration: none; border-radius: 4px; margin-right: 5px; display:inline-block; }\n");
+      out.write("        .btn-edit { background: #f39c12; color: white; }\n");
+      out.write("        .btn-delete { background: #e74c3c; color: white; }\n");
+      out.write("        .btn-add { background: #2ecc71; color: white; padding: 10px 20px; }\n");
+      out.write("        .tip, .lab { background: #fff; padding: 15px; border-radius: 10px; margin: 20px 0; box-shadow:0 4px 14px rgba(0,0,0,.06); }\n");
+      out.write("        .lab { border-left: 4px solid #fa8c16; background:#fff7e6; }\n");
+      out.write("        .stats { display:flex; gap:12px; flex-wrap:wrap; margin:15px 0; }\n");
+      out.write("        .stat { background:#fff; padding:14px 18px; border-radius:10px; box-shadow:0 4px 14px rgba(0,0,0,.06); min-width:160px; }\n");
+      out.write("        .stat strong { display:block; font-size:1.4em; color:#3498db; }\n");
+      out.write("        code { background:#f0f0f0; padding:2px 6px; border-radius:4px; }\n");
+      out.write("    </style>\n");
+      out.write("</head>\n");
+      out.write("<body>\n");
+      out.write("    <h1>👥 用户管理 - Struts2 CRUD 示例</h1>\n");
+      out.write("\n");
+      out.write("    <div class=\"lab\">\n");
+      out.write("        <strong>实验任务卡</strong>\n");
+      out.write("        <ul>\n");
+      out.write("            <li>先新增一个用户，观察表单提交后为什么会回到列表页</li>\n");
+      out.write("            <li>再编辑一个用户，体会 Struts2 如何把已有数据回填到表单</li>\n");
+      out.write("            <li>最后删除一个用户，理解 <code>redirectAction</code> 的使用场景</li>\n");
+      out.write("        </ul>\n");
+      out.write("    </div>\n");
+      out.write("\n");
+      out.write("    <div class=\"stats\">\n");
+      out.write("        <div class=\"stat\"><span>当前用户数</span><strong>");
+      if (_jspx_meth_s_005fproperty_005f0(_jspx_page_context))
+        return;
+      out.write("</strong></div>\n");
+      out.write("        <div class=\"stat\"><span>演示模式</span><strong>内存列表</strong></div>\n");
+      out.write("        <div class=\"stat\"><span>学习重点</span><strong>CRUD 流程</strong></div>\n");
+      out.write("    </div>\n");
+      out.write("    \n");
+      out.write("    <p><a class=\"btn btn-add\" href=\"user_edit\">+ 添加用户</a></p>\n");
+      out.write("    \n");
+      out.write("    <table>\n");
+      out.write("        <tr>\n");
+      out.write("            <th>ID</th>\n");
+      out.write("            <th>姓名</th>\n");
+      out.write("            <th>邮箱</th>\n");
+      out.write("            <th>年龄</th>\n");
+      out.write("            <th>操作</th>\n");
+      out.write("        </tr>\n");
+      out.write("        ");
+      if (_jspx_meth_s_005fiterator_005f0(_jspx_page_context))
+        return;
+      out.write("\n");
+      out.write("    </table>\n");
+      out.write("    \n");
+      out.write("    <div class=\"tip\">\n");
+      out.write("        <strong>学习点</strong>\n");
+      out.write("        <ul>\n");
+      out.write("            <li><code>&lt;s:iterator&gt;</code> 遍历集合</li>\n");
+      out.write("            <li><code>redirectAction</code> 结果类型实现 PRG 模式</li>\n");
+      out.write("            <li>同一个 Action 通过不同 method 处理 list/add/edit/update/delete</li>\n");
+      out.write("            <li>这里的数据存在内存里，重启后会恢复初始样本</li>\n");
+      out.write("        </ul>\n");
+      out.write("    </div>\n");
+      out.write("    \n");
+      out.write("    <p><a href=\"learn\">← 返回学习中心</a></p>\n");
+      out.write("</body>\n");
+      out.write("</html>\n");
+    } catch (java.lang.Throwable t) {
+      if (!(t instanceof javax.servlet.jsp.SkipPageException)){
+        out = _jspx_out;
+        if (out != null && out.getBufferSize() != 0)
+          try {
+            if (response.isCommitted()) {
+              out.flush();
+            } else {
+              out.clearBuffer();
+            }
+          } catch (java.io.IOException e) {}
+        if (_jspx_page_context != null) _jspx_page_context.handlePageException(t);
+        else throw new ServletException(t);
+      }
+    } finally {
+      _jspxFactory.releasePageContext(_jspx_page_context);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private boolean _jspx_meth_s_005fproperty_005f0(javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context)
+          throws java.lang.Throwable {
+    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext = _jspx_page_context;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = _jspx_page_context.getOut();
+    //  s:property
+    org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f0 = (org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag) _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fproperty_0026_005fvalue_005fnobody.get(org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag.class);
+    boolean _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f0_reused = false;
+    try {
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f0.setPageContext(_jspx_page_context);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f0.setParent(null);
+      // /user-list.jsp(40,52) name = value type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f0.setValue("userList.size()");
+      int _jspx_eval_s_005fproperty_005f0 = _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f0.doStartTag();
+      if (_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f0.doEndTag() == javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_PAGE) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fproperty_0026_005fvalue_005fnobody.reuse(_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f0);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f0_reused = true;
+    } finally {
+      org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.releaseTag(_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f0, _jsp_getInstanceManager(), _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f0_reused);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  private boolean _jspx_meth_s_005fiterator_005f0(javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context)
+          throws java.lang.Throwable {
+    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext = _jspx_page_context;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = _jspx_page_context.getOut();
+    //  s:iterator
+    org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.IteratorTag _jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0 = (org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.IteratorTag) _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fiterator_0026_005fvar_005fvalue.get(org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.IteratorTag.class);
+    boolean _jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0_reused = false;
+    try {
+      _jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0.setPageContext(_jspx_page_context);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0.setParent(null);
+      // /user-list.jsp(55,8) name = value type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0.setValue("userList");
+      // /user-list.jsp(55,8) name = var type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0.setVar("u");
+      int _jspx_eval_s_005fiterator_005f0 = _jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0.doStartTag();
+      if (_jspx_eval_s_005fiterator_005f0 != javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_BODY) {
+        if (_jspx_eval_s_005fiterator_005f0 != javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.EVAL_BODY_INCLUDE) {
+          out = org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.startBufferedBody(_jspx_page_context, _jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0);
+        }
+        do {
+          out.write("\n");
+          out.write("            <tr>\n");
+          out.write("                <td>");
+          if (_jspx_meth_s_005fproperty_005f1(_jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0, _jspx_page_context))
+            return true;
+          out.write("</td>\n");
+          out.write("                <td>");
+          if (_jspx_meth_s_005fproperty_005f2(_jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0, _jspx_page_context))
+            return true;
+          out.write("</td>\n");
+          out.write("                <td>");
+          if (_jspx_meth_s_005fproperty_005f3(_jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0, _jspx_page_context))
+            return true;
+          out.write("</td>\n");
+          out.write("                <td>");
+          if (_jspx_meth_s_005fproperty_005f4(_jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0, _jspx_page_context))
+            return true;
+          out.write("</td>\n");
+          out.write("                <td>\n");
+          out.write("                    <a class=\"btn btn-edit\" href=\"user_edit?id=");
+          if (_jspx_meth_s_005fproperty_005f5(_jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0, _jspx_page_context))
+            return true;
+          out.write("\">编辑</a>\n");
+          out.write("                    <a class=\"btn btn-delete\" href=\"user_delete?id=");
+          if (_jspx_meth_s_005fproperty_005f6(_jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0, _jspx_page_context))
+            return true;
+          out.write("\" onclick=\"return confirm('确定删除?')\">删除</a>\n");
+          out.write("                </td>\n");
+          out.write("            </tr>\n");
+          out.write("        ");
+          int evalDoAfterBody = _jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0.doAfterBody();
+          if (evalDoAfterBody != javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.BodyTag.EVAL_BODY_AGAIN)
+            break;
+        } while (true);
+        if (_jspx_eval_s_005fiterator_005f0 != javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.EVAL_BODY_INCLUDE) {
+          out = _jspx_page_context.popBody();
+        }
+      }
+      if (_jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0.doEndTag() == javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_PAGE) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fiterator_0026_005fvar_005fvalue.reuse(_jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0_reused = true;
+    } finally {
+      org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.releaseTag(_jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0, _jsp_getInstanceManager(), _jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0_reused);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  private boolean _jspx_meth_s_005fproperty_005f1(javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.JspTag _jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0, javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context)
+          throws java.lang.Throwable {
+    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext = _jspx_page_context;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = _jspx_page_context.getOut();
+    //  s:property
+    org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f1 = (org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag) _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fproperty_0026_005fvalue_005fnobody.get(org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag.class);
+    boolean _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f1_reused = false;
+    try {
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f1.setPageContext(_jspx_page_context);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f1.setParent((javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag) _jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0);
+      // /user-list.jsp(57,20) name = value type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f1.setValue("#u.id");
+      int _jspx_eval_s_005fproperty_005f1 = _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f1.doStartTag();
+      if (_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f1.doEndTag() == javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_PAGE) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fproperty_0026_005fvalue_005fnobody.reuse(_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f1);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f1_reused = true;
+    } finally {
+      org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.releaseTag(_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f1, _jsp_getInstanceManager(), _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f1_reused);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  private boolean _jspx_meth_s_005fproperty_005f2(javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.JspTag _jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0, javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context)
+          throws java.lang.Throwable {
+    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext = _jspx_page_context;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = _jspx_page_context.getOut();
+    //  s:property
+    org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f2 = (org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag) _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fproperty_0026_005fvalue_005fnobody.get(org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag.class);
+    boolean _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f2_reused = false;
+    try {
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f2.setPageContext(_jspx_page_context);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f2.setParent((javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag) _jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0);
+      // /user-list.jsp(58,20) name = value type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f2.setValue("#u.name");
+      int _jspx_eval_s_005fproperty_005f2 = _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f2.doStartTag();
+      if (_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f2.doEndTag() == javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_PAGE) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fproperty_0026_005fvalue_005fnobody.reuse(_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f2);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f2_reused = true;
+    } finally {
+      org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.releaseTag(_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f2, _jsp_getInstanceManager(), _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f2_reused);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  private boolean _jspx_meth_s_005fproperty_005f3(javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.JspTag _jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0, javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context)
+          throws java.lang.Throwable {
+    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext = _jspx_page_context;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = _jspx_page_context.getOut();
+    //  s:property
+    org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f3 = (org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag) _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fproperty_0026_005fvalue_005fnobody.get(org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag.class);
+    boolean _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f3_reused = false;
+    try {
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f3.setPageContext(_jspx_page_context);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f3.setParent((javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag) _jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0);
+      // /user-list.jsp(59,20) name = value type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f3.setValue("#u.email");
+      int _jspx_eval_s_005fproperty_005f3 = _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f3.doStartTag();
+      if (_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f3.doEndTag() == javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_PAGE) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fproperty_0026_005fvalue_005fnobody.reuse(_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f3);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f3_reused = true;
+    } finally {
+      org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.releaseTag(_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f3, _jsp_getInstanceManager(), _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f3_reused);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  private boolean _jspx_meth_s_005fproperty_005f4(javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.JspTag _jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0, javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context)
+          throws java.lang.Throwable {
+    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext = _jspx_page_context;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = _jspx_page_context.getOut();
+    //  s:property
+    org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f4 = (org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag) _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fproperty_0026_005fvalue_005fnobody.get(org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag.class);
+    boolean _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f4_reused = false;
+    try {
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f4.setPageContext(_jspx_page_context);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f4.setParent((javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag) _jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0);
+      // /user-list.jsp(60,20) name = value type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f4.setValue("#u.age");
+      int _jspx_eval_s_005fproperty_005f4 = _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f4.doStartTag();
+      if (_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f4.doEndTag() == javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_PAGE) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fproperty_0026_005fvalue_005fnobody.reuse(_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f4);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f4_reused = true;
+    } finally {
+      org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.releaseTag(_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f4, _jsp_getInstanceManager(), _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f4_reused);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  private boolean _jspx_meth_s_005fproperty_005f5(javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.JspTag _jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0, javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context)
+          throws java.lang.Throwable {
+    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext = _jspx_page_context;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = _jspx_page_context.getOut();
+    //  s:property
+    org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f5 = (org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag) _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fproperty_0026_005fvalue_005fnobody.get(org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag.class);
+    boolean _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f5_reused = false;
+    try {
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f5.setPageContext(_jspx_page_context);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f5.setParent((javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag) _jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0);
+      // /user-list.jsp(62,63) name = value type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f5.setValue("#u.id");
+      int _jspx_eval_s_005fproperty_005f5 = _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f5.doStartTag();
+      if (_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f5.doEndTag() == javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_PAGE) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fproperty_0026_005fvalue_005fnobody.reuse(_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f5);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f5_reused = true;
+    } finally {
+      org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.releaseTag(_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f5, _jsp_getInstanceManager(), _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f5_reused);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  private boolean _jspx_meth_s_005fproperty_005f6(javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.JspTag _jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0, javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context)
+          throws java.lang.Throwable {
+    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext = _jspx_page_context;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = _jspx_page_context.getOut();
+    //  s:property
+    org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f6 = (org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag) _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fproperty_0026_005fvalue_005fnobody.get(org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag.class);
+    boolean _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f6_reused = false;
+    try {
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f6.setPageContext(_jspx_page_context);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f6.setParent((javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag) _jspx_th_s_005fiterator_005f0);
+      // /user-list.jsp(63,67) name = value type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f6.setValue("#u.id");
+      int _jspx_eval_s_005fproperty_005f6 = _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f6.doStartTag();
+      if (_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f6.doEndTag() == javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_PAGE) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fproperty_0026_005fvalue_005fnobody.reuse(_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f6);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f6_reused = true;
+    } finally {
+      org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.releaseTag(_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f6, _jsp_getInstanceManager(), _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f6_reused);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+}

target/tmp/jsp/org/apache/jsp/validation_002dlab_jsp.java

@@ -0,0 +1,514 @@
+/*
+ * Generated by the Jasper component of Apache Tomcat
+ * Version: jetty/9.4.54.v20240208
+ * Generated at: 2026-03-12 22:22:01 UTC
+ * Note: The last modified time of this file was set to
+ *       the last modified time of the source file after
+ *       generation to assist with modification tracking.
+ */
+package org.apache.jsp;
+
+import javax.servlet.*;
+import javax.servlet.http.*;
+import javax.servlet.jsp.*;
+
+public final class validation_002dlab_jsp extends org.apache.jasper.runtime.HttpJspBase
+    implements org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspSourceDependent,
+                 org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspSourceImports {
+
+  private static final javax.servlet.jsp.JspFactory _jspxFactory =
+          javax.servlet.jsp.JspFactory.getDefaultFactory();
+
+  private static java.util.Map<java.lang.String,java.lang.Long> _jspx_dependants;
+
+  static {
+    _jspx_dependants = new java.util.HashMap<java.lang.String,java.lang.Long>(2);
+    _jspx_dependants.put("file:/home/llm/.m2/repository/org/apache/struts/struts2-core/6.4.0/struts2-core-6.4.0.jar", Long.valueOf(1772603570859L));
+    _jspx_dependants.put("jar:file:/home/llm/.m2/repository/org/apache/struts/struts2-core/6.4.0/struts2-core-6.4.0.jar!/META-INF/struts-tags.tld", Long.valueOf(1712452520000L));
+  }
+
+  private static final java.util.Set<java.lang.String> _jspx_imports_packages;
+
+  private static final java.util.Set<java.lang.String> _jspx_imports_classes;
+
+  static {
+    _jspx_imports_packages = new java.util.HashSet<>();
+    _jspx_imports_packages.add("javax.servlet");
+    _jspx_imports_packages.add("javax.servlet.http");
+    _jspx_imports_packages.add("javax.servlet.jsp");
+    _jspx_imports_classes = null;
+  }
+
+  private org.apache.jasper.runtime.TagHandlerPool _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fif_0026_005ftest;
+  private org.apache.jasper.runtime.TagHandlerPool _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fproperty_0026_005fvalue_005fnobody;
+  private org.apache.jasper.runtime.TagHandlerPool _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fform_0026_005fmethod_005faction;
+  private org.apache.jasper.runtime.TagHandlerPool _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005ftextfield_0026_005fname_005fnobody;
+  private org.apache.jasper.runtime.TagHandlerPool _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005ffielderror_0026_005ffieldName_005fcssStyle_005fnobody;
+
+  private volatile javax.el.ExpressionFactory _el_expressionfactory;
+  private volatile org.apache.tomcat.InstanceManager _jsp_instancemanager;
+
+  public java.util.Map<java.lang.String,java.lang.Long> getDependants() {
+    return _jspx_dependants;
+  }
+
+  public java.util.Set<java.lang.String> getPackageImports() {
+    return _jspx_imports_packages;
+  }
+
+  public java.util.Set<java.lang.String> getClassImports() {
+    return _jspx_imports_classes;
+  }
+
+  public javax.el.ExpressionFactory _jsp_getExpressionFactory() {
+    if (_el_expressionfactory == null) {
+      synchronized (this) {
+        if (_el_expressionfactory == null) {
+          _el_expressionfactory = _jspxFactory.getJspApplicationContext(getServletConfig().getServletContext()).getExpressionFactory();
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return _el_expressionfactory;
+  }
+
+  public org.apache.tomcat.InstanceManager _jsp_getInstanceManager() {
+    if (_jsp_instancemanager == null) {
+      synchronized (this) {
+        if (_jsp_instancemanager == null) {
+          _jsp_instancemanager = org.apache.jasper.runtime.InstanceManagerFactory.getInstanceManager(getServletConfig());
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return _jsp_instancemanager;
+  }
+
+  public void _jspInit() {
+    _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fif_0026_005ftest = org.apache.jasper.runtime.TagHandlerPool.getTagHandlerPool(getServletConfig());
+    _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fproperty_0026_005fvalue_005fnobody = org.apache.jasper.runtime.TagHandlerPool.getTagHandlerPool(getServletConfig());
+    _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fform_0026_005fmethod_005faction = org.apache.jasper.runtime.TagHandlerPool.getTagHandlerPool(getServletConfig());
+    _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005ftextfield_0026_005fname_005fnobody = org.apache.jasper.runtime.TagHandlerPool.getTagHandlerPool(getServletConfig());
+    _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005ffielderror_0026_005ffieldName_005fcssStyle_005fnobody = org.apache.jasper.runtime.TagHandlerPool.getTagHandlerPool(getServletConfig());
+  }
+
+  public void _jspDestroy() {
+    _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fif_0026_005ftest.release();
+    _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fproperty_0026_005fvalue_005fnobody.release();
+    _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fform_0026_005fmethod_005faction.release();
+    _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005ftextfield_0026_005fname_005fnobody.release();
+    _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005ffielderror_0026_005ffieldName_005fcssStyle_005fnobody.release();
+  }
+
+  public void _jspService(final javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest request, final javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse response)
+      throws java.io.IOException, javax.servlet.ServletException {
+
+    final java.lang.String _jspx_method = request.getMethod();
+    if (!"GET".equals(_jspx_method) && !"POST".equals(_jspx_method) && !"HEAD".equals(_jspx_method) && !javax.servlet.DispatcherType.ERROR.equals(request.getDispatcherType())) {
+      response.sendError(HttpServletResponse.SC_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED, "JSPs only permit GET, POST or HEAD. Jasper also permits OPTIONS");
+      return;
+    }
+
+    final javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext;
+    javax.servlet.http.HttpSession session = null;
+    final javax.servlet.ServletContext application;
+    final javax.servlet.ServletConfig config;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = null;
+    final java.lang.Object page = this;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter _jspx_out = null;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context = null;
+
+
+    try {
+      response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");
+      pageContext = _jspxFactory.getPageContext(this, request, response,
+      			null, true, 8192, true);
+      _jspx_page_context = pageContext;
+      application = pageContext.getServletContext();
+      config = pageContext.getServletConfig();
+      session = pageContext.getSession();
+      out = pageContext.getOut();
+      _jspx_out = out;
+
+      out.write("\n");
+      out.write("\n");
+      out.write("<!DOCTYPE html>\n");
+      out.write("<html>\n");
+      out.write("<head>\n");
+      out.write("    <meta charset=\"UTF-8\">\n");
+      out.write("    <title>验证与错误流实验室 - Struts2</title>\n");
+      out.write("    <style>\n");
+      out.write("        body { font-family: Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 900px; margin: 40px auto; padding: 20px; background:#f7f8fa; }\n");
+      out.write("        h1 { color:#c0392b; }\n");
+      out.write("        .card { background:#fff; border-radius:12px; padding:20px; margin:18px 0; box-shadow:0 4px 14px rgba(0,0,0,.06); }\n");
+      out.write("        .lab { background:#fff7e6; border-left:4px solid #fa8c16; padding:15px; border-radius:8px; margin:20px 0; }\n");
+      out.write("        .quick { display:flex; gap:10px; flex-wrap:wrap; margin-bottom:12px; }\n");
+      out.write("        button { background:#c0392b; color:white; border:none; padding:10px 16px; border-radius:6px; cursor:pointer; }\n");
+      out.write("        input { padding:10px; width:100%; box-sizing:border-box; }\n");
+      out.write("        .field { margin:12px 0; }\n");
+      out.write("        .ok { background:#eafaf1; color:#1e8449; padding:12px; border-radius:8px; }\n");
+      out.write("    </style>\n");
+      out.write("</head>\n");
+      out.write("<body>\n");
+      out.write("    <h1>⚠️ 验证与错误流实验室</h1>\n");
+      out.write("\n");
+      out.write("    <div class=\"lab\">\n");
+      out.write("        <strong>实验任务卡</strong>\n");
+      out.write("        <ul>\n");
+      out.write("            <li>先点“填入错误示例”，提交后观察字段级错误是如何显示的</li>\n");
+      out.write("            <li>再点“填入正确示例”，观察 Action 成功后的返回</li>\n");
+      out.write("            <li>思考：为什么 Struts2 的校验失败会回到 input 页，而不是直接报 500？</li>\n");
+      out.write("        </ul>\n");
+      out.write("    </div>\n");
+      out.write("\n");
+      out.write("    <div class=\"card\">\n");
+      out.write("        <div class=\"quick\">\n");
+      out.write("            <button type=\"button\" onclick=\"fillBad()\">填入错误示例</button>\n");
+      out.write("            <button type=\"button\" onclick=\"fillGood()\">填入正确示例</button>\n");
+      out.write("        </div>\n");
+      out.write("\n");
+      out.write("        ");
+      if (_jspx_meth_s_005fif_005f0(_jspx_page_context))
+        return;
+      out.write("\n");
+      out.write("\n");
+      out.write("        ");
+      if (_jspx_meth_s_005fform_005f0(_jspx_page_context))
+        return;
+      out.write("\n");
+      out.write("    </div>\n");
+      out.write("\n");
+      out.write("    <div class=\"card\">\n");
+      out.write("        <h3>学习点</h3>\n");
+      out.write("        <ul>\n");
+      out.write("            <li>字段错误通过 <code>addFieldError()</code> 收集</li>\n");
+      out.write("            <li>JSP 使用 <code>&lt;s:fielderror&gt;</code> 精准展示错误</li>\n");
+      out.write("            <li>成功路径与失败路径在同一个页面闭环，对学习最直观</li>\n");
+      out.write("        </ul>\n");
+      out.write("    </div>\n");
+      out.write("\n");
+      out.write("    <p><a href=\"learn\">← 返回学习中心</a></p>\n");
+      out.write("\n");
+      out.write("    <script>\n");
+      out.write("        function fillBad() {\n");
+      out.write("            document.querySelector('input[name=\"username\"]').value = 'a';\n");
+      out.write("            document.querySelector('input[name=\"email\"]').value = 'bad-email';\n");
+      out.write("            document.querySelector('input[name=\"age\"]').value = '-1';\n");
+      out.write("        }\n");
+      out.write("        function fillGood() {\n");
+      out.write("            document.querySelector('input[name=\"username\"]').value = 'zhangsan';\n");
+      out.write("            document.querySelector('input[name=\"email\"]').value = 'zhangsan@example.com';\n");
+      out.write("            document.querySelector('input[name=\"age\"]').value = '22';\n");
+      out.write("        }\n");
+      out.write("    </script>\n");
+      out.write("</body>\n");
+      out.write("</html>\n");
+    } catch (java.lang.Throwable t) {
+      if (!(t instanceof javax.servlet.jsp.SkipPageException)){
+        out = _jspx_out;
+        if (out != null && out.getBufferSize() != 0)
+          try {
+            if (response.isCommitted()) {
+              out.flush();
+            } else {
+              out.clearBuffer();
+            }
+          } catch (java.io.IOException e) {}
+        if (_jspx_page_context != null) _jspx_page_context.handlePageException(t);
+        else throw new ServletException(t);
+      }
+    } finally {
+      _jspxFactory.releasePageContext(_jspx_page_context);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private boolean _jspx_meth_s_005fif_005f0(javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context)
+          throws java.lang.Throwable {
+    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext = _jspx_page_context;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = _jspx_page_context.getOut();
+    //  s:if
+    org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.IfTag _jspx_th_s_005fif_005f0 = (org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.IfTag) _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fif_0026_005ftest.get(org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.IfTag.class);
+    boolean _jspx_th_s_005fif_005f0_reused = false;
+    try {
+      _jspx_th_s_005fif_005f0.setPageContext(_jspx_page_context);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fif_005f0.setParent(null);
+      // /validation-lab.jsp(38,8) name = test type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = true fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005fif_005f0.setTest("resultMessage != null");
+      int _jspx_eval_s_005fif_005f0 = _jspx_th_s_005fif_005f0.doStartTag();
+      if (_jspx_eval_s_005fif_005f0 != javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_BODY) {
+        if (_jspx_eval_s_005fif_005f0 != javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.EVAL_BODY_INCLUDE) {
+          out = org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.startBufferedBody(_jspx_page_context, _jspx_th_s_005fif_005f0);
+        }
+        do {
+          out.write("\n");
+          out.write("            <div class=\"ok\">");
+          if (_jspx_meth_s_005fproperty_005f0(_jspx_th_s_005fif_005f0, _jspx_page_context))
+            return true;
+          out.write("</div>\n");
+          out.write("        ");
+          int evalDoAfterBody = _jspx_th_s_005fif_005f0.doAfterBody();
+          if (evalDoAfterBody != javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.BodyTag.EVAL_BODY_AGAIN)
+            break;
+        } while (true);
+        if (_jspx_eval_s_005fif_005f0 != javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.EVAL_BODY_INCLUDE) {
+          out = _jspx_page_context.popBody();
+        }
+      }
+      if (_jspx_th_s_005fif_005f0.doEndTag() == javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_PAGE) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fif_0026_005ftest.reuse(_jspx_th_s_005fif_005f0);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fif_005f0_reused = true;
+    } finally {
+      org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.releaseTag(_jspx_th_s_005fif_005f0, _jsp_getInstanceManager(), _jspx_th_s_005fif_005f0_reused);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  private boolean _jspx_meth_s_005fproperty_005f0(javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.JspTag _jspx_th_s_005fif_005f0, javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context)
+          throws java.lang.Throwable {
+    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext = _jspx_page_context;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = _jspx_page_context.getOut();
+    //  s:property
+    org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f0 = (org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag) _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fproperty_0026_005fvalue_005fnobody.get(org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.PropertyTag.class);
+    boolean _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f0_reused = false;
+    try {
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f0.setPageContext(_jspx_page_context);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f0.setParent((javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag) _jspx_th_s_005fif_005f0);
+      // /validation-lab.jsp(39,28) name = value type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f0.setValue("resultMessage");
+      int _jspx_eval_s_005fproperty_005f0 = _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f0.doStartTag();
+      if (_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f0.doEndTag() == javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_PAGE) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fproperty_0026_005fvalue_005fnobody.reuse(_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f0);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f0_reused = true;
+    } finally {
+      org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.releaseTag(_jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f0, _jsp_getInstanceManager(), _jspx_th_s_005fproperty_005f0_reused);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  private boolean _jspx_meth_s_005fform_005f0(javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context)
+          throws java.lang.Throwable {
+    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext = _jspx_page_context;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = _jspx_page_context.getOut();
+    //  s:form
+    org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.FormTag _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0 = (org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.FormTag) _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fform_0026_005fmethod_005faction.get(org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.FormTag.class);
+    boolean _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0_reused = false;
+    try {
+      _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0.setPageContext(_jspx_page_context);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0.setParent(null);
+      // /validation-lab.jsp(42,8) name = action type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0.setAction("validation_submit");
+      // /validation-lab.jsp(42,8) name = method type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0.setMethod("post");
+      int _jspx_eval_s_005fform_005f0 = _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0.doStartTag();
+      if (_jspx_eval_s_005fform_005f0 != javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_BODY) {
+        if (_jspx_eval_s_005fform_005f0 != javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.EVAL_BODY_INCLUDE) {
+          out = org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.startBufferedBody(_jspx_page_context, _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0);
+        }
+        do {
+          out.write("\n");
+          out.write("            <div class=\"field\">\n");
+          out.write("                <label>用户名</label>\n");
+          out.write("                ");
+          if (_jspx_meth_s_005ftextfield_005f0(_jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0, _jspx_page_context))
+            return true;
+          out.write("\n");
+          out.write("                ");
+          if (_jspx_meth_s_005ffielderror_005f0(_jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0, _jspx_page_context))
+            return true;
+          out.write("\n");
+          out.write("            </div>\n");
+          out.write("            <div class=\"field\">\n");
+          out.write("                <label>邮箱</label>\n");
+          out.write("                ");
+          if (_jspx_meth_s_005ftextfield_005f1(_jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0, _jspx_page_context))
+            return true;
+          out.write("\n");
+          out.write("                ");
+          if (_jspx_meth_s_005ffielderror_005f1(_jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0, _jspx_page_context))
+            return true;
+          out.write("\n");
+          out.write("            </div>\n");
+          out.write("            <div class=\"field\">\n");
+          out.write("                <label>年龄</label>\n");
+          out.write("                ");
+          if (_jspx_meth_s_005ftextfield_005f2(_jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0, _jspx_page_context))
+            return true;
+          out.write("\n");
+          out.write("                ");
+          if (_jspx_meth_s_005ffielderror_005f2(_jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0, _jspx_page_context))
+            return true;
+          out.write("\n");
+          out.write("            </div>\n");
+          out.write("            <button type=\"submit\">提交实验</button>\n");
+          out.write("        ");
+          int evalDoAfterBody = _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0.doAfterBody();
+          if (evalDoAfterBody != javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.BodyTag.EVAL_BODY_AGAIN)
+            break;
+        } while (true);
+        if (_jspx_eval_s_005fform_005f0 != javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.EVAL_BODY_INCLUDE) {
+          out = _jspx_page_context.popBody();
+        }
+      }
+      if (_jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0.doEndTag() == javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_PAGE) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005fform_0026_005fmethod_005faction.reuse(_jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0);
+      _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0_reused = true;
+    } finally {
+      org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.releaseTag(_jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0, _jsp_getInstanceManager(), _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0_reused);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  private boolean _jspx_meth_s_005ftextfield_005f0(javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.JspTag _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0, javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context)
+          throws java.lang.Throwable {
+    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext = _jspx_page_context;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = _jspx_page_context.getOut();
+    //  s:textfield
+    org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.TextFieldTag _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f0 = (org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.TextFieldTag) _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005ftextfield_0026_005fname_005fnobody.get(org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.TextFieldTag.class);
+    boolean _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f0_reused = false;
+    try {
+      _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f0.setPageContext(_jspx_page_context);
+      _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f0.setParent((javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag) _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0);
+      // /validation-lab.jsp(45,16) name = name type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f0.setName("username");
+      int _jspx_eval_s_005ftextfield_005f0 = _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f0.doStartTag();
+      if (_jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f0.doEndTag() == javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_PAGE) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005ftextfield_0026_005fname_005fnobody.reuse(_jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f0);
+      _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f0_reused = true;
+    } finally {
+      org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.releaseTag(_jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f0, _jsp_getInstanceManager(), _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f0_reused);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  private boolean _jspx_meth_s_005ffielderror_005f0(javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.JspTag _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0, javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context)
+          throws java.lang.Throwable {
+    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext = _jspx_page_context;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = _jspx_page_context.getOut();
+    //  s:fielderror
+    org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.FieldErrorTag _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f0 = (org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.FieldErrorTag) _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005ffielderror_0026_005ffieldName_005fcssStyle_005fnobody.get(org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.FieldErrorTag.class);
+    boolean _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f0_reused = false;
+    try {
+      _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f0.setPageContext(_jspx_page_context);
+      _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f0.setParent((javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag) _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0);
+      // /validation-lab.jsp(46,16) name = fieldName type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f0.setFieldName("username");
+      // /validation-lab.jsp(46,16) name = cssStyle type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f0.setCssStyle("color:#e74c3c;font-size:12px;");
+      int _jspx_eval_s_005ffielderror_005f0 = _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f0.doStartTag();
+      if (_jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f0.doEndTag() == javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_PAGE) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005ffielderror_0026_005ffieldName_005fcssStyle_005fnobody.reuse(_jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f0);
+      _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f0_reused = true;
+    } finally {
+      org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.releaseTag(_jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f0, _jsp_getInstanceManager(), _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f0_reused);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  private boolean _jspx_meth_s_005ftextfield_005f1(javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.JspTag _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0, javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context)
+          throws java.lang.Throwable {
+    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext = _jspx_page_context;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = _jspx_page_context.getOut();
+    //  s:textfield
+    org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.TextFieldTag _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f1 = (org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.TextFieldTag) _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005ftextfield_0026_005fname_005fnobody.get(org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.TextFieldTag.class);
+    boolean _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f1_reused = false;
+    try {
+      _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f1.setPageContext(_jspx_page_context);
+      _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f1.setParent((javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag) _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0);
+      // /validation-lab.jsp(50,16) name = name type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f1.setName("email");
+      int _jspx_eval_s_005ftextfield_005f1 = _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f1.doStartTag();
+      if (_jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f1.doEndTag() == javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_PAGE) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005ftextfield_0026_005fname_005fnobody.reuse(_jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f1);
+      _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f1_reused = true;
+    } finally {
+      org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.releaseTag(_jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f1, _jsp_getInstanceManager(), _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f1_reused);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  private boolean _jspx_meth_s_005ffielderror_005f1(javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.JspTag _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0, javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context)
+          throws java.lang.Throwable {
+    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext = _jspx_page_context;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = _jspx_page_context.getOut();
+    //  s:fielderror
+    org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.FieldErrorTag _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f1 = (org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.FieldErrorTag) _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005ffielderror_0026_005ffieldName_005fcssStyle_005fnobody.get(org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.FieldErrorTag.class);
+    boolean _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f1_reused = false;
+    try {
+      _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f1.setPageContext(_jspx_page_context);
+      _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f1.setParent((javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag) _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0);
+      // /validation-lab.jsp(51,16) name = fieldName type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f1.setFieldName("email");
+      // /validation-lab.jsp(51,16) name = cssStyle type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f1.setCssStyle("color:#e74c3c;font-size:12px;");
+      int _jspx_eval_s_005ffielderror_005f1 = _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f1.doStartTag();
+      if (_jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f1.doEndTag() == javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_PAGE) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005ffielderror_0026_005ffieldName_005fcssStyle_005fnobody.reuse(_jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f1);
+      _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f1_reused = true;
+    } finally {
+      org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.releaseTag(_jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f1, _jsp_getInstanceManager(), _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f1_reused);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  private boolean _jspx_meth_s_005ftextfield_005f2(javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.JspTag _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0, javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context)
+          throws java.lang.Throwable {
+    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext = _jspx_page_context;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = _jspx_page_context.getOut();
+    //  s:textfield
+    org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.TextFieldTag _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f2 = (org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.TextFieldTag) _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005ftextfield_0026_005fname_005fnobody.get(org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.TextFieldTag.class);
+    boolean _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f2_reused = false;
+    try {
+      _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f2.setPageContext(_jspx_page_context);
+      _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f2.setParent((javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag) _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0);
+      // /validation-lab.jsp(55,16) name = name type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f2.setName("age");
+      int _jspx_eval_s_005ftextfield_005f2 = _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f2.doStartTag();
+      if (_jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f2.doEndTag() == javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_PAGE) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005ftextfield_0026_005fname_005fnobody.reuse(_jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f2);
+      _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f2_reused = true;
+    } finally {
+      org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.releaseTag(_jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f2, _jsp_getInstanceManager(), _jspx_th_s_005ftextfield_005f2_reused);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  private boolean _jspx_meth_s_005ffielderror_005f2(javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.JspTag _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0, javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context)
+          throws java.lang.Throwable {
+    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext = _jspx_page_context;
+    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = _jspx_page_context.getOut();
+    //  s:fielderror
+    org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.FieldErrorTag _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f2 = (org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.FieldErrorTag) _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005ffielderror_0026_005ffieldName_005fcssStyle_005fnobody.get(org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.FieldErrorTag.class);
+    boolean _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f2_reused = false;
+    try {
+      _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f2.setPageContext(_jspx_page_context);
+      _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f2.setParent((javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag) _jspx_th_s_005fform_005f0);
+      // /validation-lab.jsp(56,16) name = fieldName type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f2.setFieldName("age");
+      // /validation-lab.jsp(56,16) name = cssStyle type = java.lang.String reqTime = false required = false fragment = false deferredValue = false expectedTypeName = null deferredMethod = false methodSignature = null
+      _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f2.setCssStyle("color:#e74c3c;font-size:12px;");
+      int _jspx_eval_s_005ffielderror_005f2 = _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f2.doStartTag();
+      if (_jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f2.doEndTag() == javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag.SKIP_PAGE) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      _005fjspx_005ftagPool_005fs_005ffielderror_0026_005ffieldName_005fcssStyle_005fnobody.reuse(_jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f2);
+      _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f2_reused = true;
+    } finally {
+      org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspRuntimeLibrary.releaseTag(_jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f2, _jsp_getInstanceManager(), _jspx_th_s_005ffielderror_005f2_reused);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+}