diff --git a/web/WEB-INF/views/upload/index.jsp b/web/WEB-INF/views/upload/index.jsp
index a1bd93b..3ba1585 100644
--- a/web/WEB-INF/views/upload/index.jsp
+++ b/web/WEB-INF/views/upload/index.jsp
@@ -102,22 +102,22 @@
             </div>
 
             <s:if test="hasActionErrors()">
-                <div class="action-error"><s:actionerror/></div>
+                <div class="action-error"><s:property value="actionErrors[0]"/></div>
             </s:if>
 
-            <s:form action="upload" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data" namespace="/">
+            <form action="<s:url action='upload' namespace='/'/>" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
                 <div class="field">
-                    <label>主文件</label>
-                    <s:file name="upload"/>
+                    <label for="upload">主文件</label>
+                    <input id="upload" type="file" name="upload"/>
                 </div>
 
                 <div class="field">
-                    <label>附加文件</label>
-                    <s:file name="uploads" multiple="multiple"/>
+                    <label for="uploads">附加文件</label>
+                    <input id="uploads" type="file" name="uploads" multiple="multiple"/>
                 </div>
 
                 <button type="submit">提交并查看上传元数据</button>
-            </s:form>
+            </form>
 
             <div class="links">
                 <a class="link-btn" href="../dashboard.action">返回仪表盘</a>
diff --git a/web/WEB-INF/views/user/form.jsp b/web/WEB-INF/views/user/form.jsp
index 70c8dbe..7c30282 100644
--- a/web/WEB-INF/views/user/form.jsp
+++ b/web/WEB-INF/views/user/form.jsp
@@ -94,27 +94,33 @@
                 <p style="margin-top: 8px;">依次观察：字段名如何对应 Action 属性、校验错误如何回显、成功页如何读取 Action 结果。</p>
             </div>
 
-            <s:form action="submitUser" method="post" namespace="/">
+            <form action="<s:url action='submitUser' namespace='/'/>" method="post">
                 <div class="field">
                     <label for="username">用户名</label>
-                    <s:textfield id="username" name="username" placeholder="platform-owner"/>
-                    <div class="error"><s:fielderror fieldName="username"/></div>
+                    <input id="username" name="username" placeholder="platform-owner" value='<s:property value="username"/>'/>
+                    <s:if test="fieldErrors['username'] != null">
+                        <div class="error"><s:property value="fieldErrors['username'][0]"/></div>
+                    </s:if>
                 </div>
 
                 <div class="field">
                     <label for="email">邮箱</label>
-                    <s:textfield id="email" name="email" placeholder="platform@example.com"/>
-                    <div class="error"><s:fielderror fieldName="email"/></div>
+                    <input id="email" name="email" placeholder="platform@example.com" value='<s:property value="email"/>'/>
+                    <s:if test="fieldErrors['email'] != null">
+                        <div class="error"><s:property value="fieldErrors['email'][0]"/></div>
+                    </s:if>
                 </div>
 
                 <div class="field">
                     <label for="phone">手机号</label>
-                    <s:textfield id="phone" name="phone" placeholder="13800000000"/>
-                    <div class="error"><s:fielderror fieldName="phone"/></div>
+                    <input id="phone" name="phone" placeholder="13800000000" value='<s:property value="phone"/>'/>
+                    <s:if test="fieldErrors['phone'] != null">
+                        <div class="error"><s:property value="fieldErrors['phone'][0]"/></div>
+                    </s:if>
                 </div>
 
                 <button type="submit">提交资料并生成汇总页</button>
-            </s:form>
+            </form>
 
             <div class="links">
                 <a class="link-btn" href="../dashboard.action">返回仪表盘</a>
diff --git a/web/WEB-INF/views/user/login.jsp b/web/WEB-INF/views/user/login.jsp
index 3b976bf..9e86dfb 100644
--- a/web/WEB-INF/views/user/login.jsp
+++ b/web/WEB-INF/views/user/login.jsp
@@ -183,24 +183,28 @@
             </s:if>
             <s:else>
                 <s:if test="hasActionErrors()">
-                    <div class="action-error"><s:actionerror/></div>
+                    <div class="action-error"><s:property value="actionErrors[0]"/></div>
                 </s:if>
 
-                <s:form action="login" method="post" namespace="/">
+                <form action="<s:url action='login' namespace='/'/>" method="post">
                     <div class="field">
                         <label for="username" id="usernameLabel">用户名</label>
-                        <s:textfield id="username" name="username" placeholder="admin"/>
-                        <div class="error"><s:fielderror fieldName="username"/></div>
+                        <input id="username" name="username" placeholder="admin" autocomplete="username" value='<s:property value="username"/>'/>
+                        <s:if test="fieldErrors['username'] != null">
+                            <div class="error"><s:property value="fieldErrors['username'][0]"/></div>
+                        </s:if>
                     </div>
 
                     <div class="field">
                         <label for="password" id="passwordLabel">密码</label>
-                        <s:password id="password" name="password" placeholder="123456" showPassword="true"/>
-                        <div class="error"><s:fielderror fieldName="password"/></div>
+                        <input id="password" name="password" type="password" placeholder="123456" autocomplete="current-password"/>
+                        <s:if test="fieldErrors['password'] != null">
+                            <div class="error"><s:property value="fieldErrors['password'][0]"/></div>
+                        </s:if>
                     </div>
 
                     <button class="submit-btn" type="submit" id="submitBtn">写入 Session 并进入学习门户</button>
-                </s:form>
+                </form>
             </s:else>
         </section>
     </div>
diff --git a/web/WEB-INF/views/validation/form.jsp b/web/WEB-INF/views/validation/form.jsp
index 7999131..b3abbc2 100644
--- a/web/WEB-INF/views/validation/form.jsp
+++ b/web/WEB-INF/views/validation/form.jsp
@@ -95,33 +95,41 @@
                 <p style="margin-top: 8px;">先故意输入一个短用户名、错误邮箱和超范围年龄，再修正后重新提交，对比两次页面反馈。</p>
             </div>
 
-            <s:form action="validate" method="post" namespace="/">
+            <form action="<s:url action='validate' namespace='/'/>" method="post">
                 <div class="field">
                     <label for="username">用户名（3 到 20 字符）</label>
-                    <s:textfield id="username" name="username" placeholder="release-manager"/>
-                    <div class="error"><s:fielderror fieldName="username"/></div>
+                    <input id="username" name="username" placeholder="release-manager" value='<s:property value="username"/>'/>
+                    <s:if test="fieldErrors['username'] != null">
+                        <div class="error"><s:property value="fieldErrors['username'][0]"/></div>
+                    </s:if>
                 </div>
 
                 <div class="field">
                     <label for="email">邮箱</label>
-                    <s:textfield id="email" name="email" placeholder="release@example.com"/>
-                    <div class="error"><s:fielderror fieldName="email"/></div>
+                    <input id="email" name="email" placeholder="release@example.com" value='<s:property value="email"/>'/>
+                    <s:if test="fieldErrors['email'] != null">
+                        <div class="error"><s:property value="fieldErrors['email'][0]"/></div>
+                    </s:if>
                 </div>
 
                 <div class="field">
                     <label for="age">年龄（18 到 60）</label>
-                    <s:textfield id="age" name="age" placeholder="30"/>
-                    <div class="error"><s:fielderror fieldName="age"/></div>
+                    <input id="age" name="age" placeholder="30" value='<s:property value="age"/>'/>
+                    <s:if test="fieldErrors['age'] != null">
+                        <div class="error"><s:property value="fieldErrors['age'][0]"/></div>
+                    </s:if>
                 </div>
 
                 <div class="field">
                     <label for="bio">简介</label>
-                    <s:textarea id="bio" name="bio" placeholder="描述角色、经验或当前负责的平台方向。"/>
-                    <div class="error"><s:fielderror fieldName="bio"/></div>
+                    <textarea id="bio" name="bio" placeholder="描述角色、经验或当前负责的平台方向。"><s:property value="bio"/></textarea>
+                    <s:if test="fieldErrors['bio'] != null">
+                        <div class="error"><s:property value="fieldErrors['bio'][0]"/></div>
+                    </s:if>
                 </div>
 
                 <button type="submit">提交并查看校验结果</button>
-            </s:form>
+            </form>
 
             <div class="links">
                 <a class="link-btn" href="../dashboard.action">返回仪表盘</a>